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题号：976273试题类型：填空题 知识点：形容词,现在分词的完成式,现在分词,动名词的被动式,不定式的被动式,虚拟语气&&更新日期：
单词填空.1. It is recommended that the medicine _____(take) twice a day.2. We need to examine all the costs _____(involve) in the project first.3. They arrived on Monday evening and we got there the _____(follow) day.4. No one can prevent this plan from _____(carry) out.5. _____(fly) back to China, all the staff who had worked in Libya strongly felt that our country is &&&powerful.6. Though many measures have been taken to stop pollution, a lot still remains _______ (do).7. That crazy man considered it possible _____(set) back the clock of history.8. The moon _____(rise), we returned home.9. "Do you have anything _____(type)?" the secretary asked the boss.10. The little boy is so fond of ice cream that without it he _____(refuse) to eat his meal.
难易度：中等
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形容词的概念：
形容词(adjective)，简称adj.或a，形容词用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态，和特征的程度好坏与否，形容词在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。
形容词的作用与位置：
形容词是用来修饰名词的，常被放在名词前作定语，或放在系动词后面作表语。以下属几种特殊情况，须牢记；（1）形容词短语作定语，定语后置。如：a language difficult to master,&&&&&&& a leaning tower about 180 feet high（2）表语形容词（afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive等）作定语，定语后置。如a man alive。有些表身体健康状况的形容词如well、faint、ill只作表语。sick既可作表语又可作定语，ill如作定语意为“bad”。（3）用作定语，修饰由不定代词one、no、any、some和every构成的复合词如anything、something等时，通常后置。如：I have something important to tell you.（4）else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。（5）enough、nearby修饰名词前置或后置，程度副词一般位于形容词、副词前面，enough修饰形容词、副词时，必须后置。（6）几个并列的形容词作定语，其语序通常为：限定语（The、A）+描绘性形容词+size（大小）+shape（形状）+age（年龄、时间）+color（颜色）+origin（国籍、来源）+material（材料）+purpose（目的）+名词。口诀：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老；颜色国籍跟材料，作用类别往后靠。 如：a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella, &&&&&&& the man's first tow interesting little red French oil paintings
形容词的用法：
1、形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面： 1）直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot热的。 2）叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid害怕的。（错）Heisanillman. （对）Themanisill. （错）Sheisanafraidgirl. （对）Thegirlisafraid. 这类词还有：well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake等。 3）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后。例如：somethingnice 2、用形容词表示类别和整体： 1）某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry The poorarelosinghope.穷人失去了希望。 2）有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用。如：the British，the English，the French，the Chinese. The English have wonderful senseofhumor.
以-ly结尾的形容词： 1）大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。改错：如：（错）She sang lovely. &&&&&&& （错）He spoke to me very friendly. &&&&&&& （对）Her singing was lovely. &&&&&&& （对）He spoke to me in a very friendly way.2）有些以-ly结尾既为形容词，也为副词。 daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early .如：The Times is a daily paper.&&&&&&&&&The Times is published daily.
形容词知识体系：
复合形容词的构成：
（1）形容词+名词+ed：&&&&&&&&& 如：kind-hearted 好心的，white-haired 白发的（2）形容词+形容词：&&&&&&&&& 如：red-hot 炽热的，dark-blue 深蓝的（3）形容词+现在分词：&&&&&&&&& 如：good-looking 好看的，easy-going 随和的（4）副词+现在分词：&&&&&&&&& 如：hard-working 勤劳的，fast-moving 快速转动的（5）副词+过去分词：&&&&&&&&& 如：hard-won 得来不易的，newly-made 新建的（6）名词+形容词：&&&&&&&&& 如：life-long 终生的，world-famous 世界闻名的（7）名词+现在分词：&&&&&&&&& 如：peace-loving 爱好和平的，fun-loving 爱开玩笑的（8）名词+过去分词：&&&&&&&&& 如：snow-covered 白雪覆盖的，hand-made 手工的（9）数词+名词+ed：&&&&&&&&& 如：four-storeyed 4层楼的，three-legged 3条腿的（10）数词+名词（名词用单数）：&&&&&&&&& 如：ten-year 10年的,& two-man 两人的
现在分词完成式的概念：
从动作关系上看，现在分词的完成式主要表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作；从用法上看，现在分词完成式主要用作状语，表示时间或原因等。
现在分词完成式的基本用法：　　　1、表示时间：　　如：Having noted down our names and addresses, the policeman dismissed us. 那警察把我们的姓名和地址记下之后就让我们走了。　　&&&&&&& Having found a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner. 在找好旅馆之后，我们就去找吃饭的地方。　　&&&&&&& Having bought our tickets, we went into the theatre. 我们买好票后就走进剧场。　　&&&&&&& Having packed up her things, she went to book her ticket. 她收拾好行李之后就去买车票。　　注：这样用的现在分词通常可以转换成时间状语从句。如：Having finished her work, she went home. =After she had finished her work, she went home. 她干完工作就回家了。　　　　2、表示原因：　　如：Having been there once, she knew the place quite well. 由于去过那儿一次，她对那地方很熟悉。　　&&&&&&& Having invited him here to speak, we'd better go to his lecture. 我们邀请他来这儿讲演，所以我们最好去听讲。　　　注：这样用的现在分词通常可以转换成原因状语从句。如：Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide. =As he had been there many times, he offered to be our guide. 他曾多次到过那里，主动提出当我们的向导。　　现在分词的完成式用作状语时，通常位于主句之前，但有时也可置于主句之后，不过此时多见于表原因的场合。如：I didn't feel terribly shocked, having expected all this. 这情况我早已料到，因此我并不感到过于震惊。　　&&&&&&& I was unable to accept your invitation. having promised to accompany my mother to the concert. 我因已答应陪我母亲赴音乐会而不能接受你的邀请。　　　　现在分词完成式的否定式：　　　　原则上应将not置于整个分词完成式之前。如：Not having done it right, I tried again. 我由于没有做对，所以又试了试。　　&&&&&&& Not having finished his work, he could not leave the office. 由于工作没干完他不能离开办公室。　　&&&&&&& Not having received an answer, she decided to write him another letter. 由于没得到他的回信，她决定再给他写一封信。　　　　　　　现在分词完成式用于独立结构：　　　　有时现在分词完成式可以用于独立结构。如：The dark clouds having dispersed, the sun shone again. 乌云已散去，太阳又普照大地了。　　&&&&&&& The river having risen in the night, the crossing was impossible. 夜里河水上涨，渡河不可能了。　　&&&&&&& My turn having comeround, I was ushered into the examining room. 轮到我之后，我就被引入考场。　　&&&&&&& The last bus havingg one, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。　　　　使用现在分词完成式的错点：　　　　现在分词的完成式一般不用作定语，遇此情况可改用定语从句。如：你知道有谁丢了一只猫吗? 　　误：Do you know anyone having lost a cat? 　　正：Do you know anyone who has lost a cat? 　　&&&&&&& 我想同打破窗户的人淡淡。　　误：I want to talk to the person having broken the window 　　正：I want to talk to the person who has broken the window 　　注意：若将以上现在分词的完成式改为一般式也不可以，因为现在分词作后置定语时通常只表示与谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生的动作，而不能先于谓语动作而发生。
现在分词一般式与完成式的区别：　　　　现在分词的一般式和完成式均可表示已完成或先于谓语的动作，但有区别：现在分词一般式所表示的动作虽然可以先于谓语动作，但两者之间没有时间间隔，而现在分同的完成式所表示的先于谓语的动作则与谓语动作有一定的时间间隔。如：Locking the door, she went out. 她锁上门走了出去。　　&&&&&&& Having lost his job, he'd begun to interest himself in local voluntary work.他失业后便开始关注地方的志愿工作了。　　注：有时两者意思差不多，可以换用。如：Tying one end of the rope to his bed, he threw the other end out of the window. &&&&&&& Having tied one end of the rope to his bed, he threw the other end out of the window. 他把绳子的一头系在床上，另一头扔出窗外。　　但是注意，用现在分词一般式代替完成式的用法通常只限于现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作之间没有时间间隔的场合，比如以下情况就不可随便替换。　　1、当换用会引起语义含混时。如：看完了说明书之后，他迅速拿起了灭火器。　　不妥：Reading the instructions, he snatched up the fireextinguisher.　　正句：Having read the instructions, he snatched up the fireextinguisher.　　前面一句用了现在分词的一般式，给人的印象好像是两个动作同时发生的，容易引起误解，故宜改用完成式。　　2、当两个动作之间有一段间隔时，必须用分词的完成式。如：Having failed twice, he didn't want to try again. 已经失败了两次，他不想再试了。　　3、当第一个动作持续一段时间时，必须用分词的完成式。如：Having been his own boss for such a long time, he found it hard to accept orders from another. 自己当老板已经这么久了，他觉得难以听从别人的差遣。　　　　现在分词完成被动式与过去分词的区别：　　　　现在分词的完成被动式有两个特点：一是表示完成，二是表示被动。如：Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog up. 邮递员被狗咬了两次之后要我们把狗拴起来，不然就不给我们送信了。　　过去分词的用法也有两个特点：一是表示完成，二是表示被动。所以有时现在分词的完成被动式与过去分词可以表示相同的意思。如：(Having been)written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。　　&&&&&&& (Having been)born in America, he is proficient in English. 由于他是在美国出生的，所以英语很好。　　有时虽然所表示的时间概念相同，但有细微区别：　　如：Having been shown the lab, we left. 被领着看了实验室后，我们就离开了。　　&&&&&&& Shown the lab, we left. 被领着一看完实验室，我们就离开了。(有一种急促感)　　注：以下情况通常用过去分词，而不用现在分词的完成式。　　1、过去分词表示先于谓语动同发生的动作外，还可以表示与谓语动词同时(几乎同时)发生的动作，此时不可用现在分词的完成式代替。如：He came in, followed by his secretary. 他走了进来，后面跟着他的秘书。　　&&&&&&& Convinced that they were going to poison him, he refused to eat anything. 他相信他们要毒死他，所以他拒绝进食。　　2、当过去分词以表示现在或过去(当时)的状态时，也不可用现在分词的完成式代替。如：The murderer was brought in, his hands tied behind. 凶手被带了进来，双手被绑在后面。　　3、当连用具体明确的过去时间状语时，通常也只用过去分词。如：Built in1501, the bridge is over 500 years old. 这座桥建于1501年，已有五百多年的历史。　　　　
现在分词的概念：
现在分词（PresentParticiple）(又称-ing形式)，是分词的一种，是非限定动词，即在句子里面不能单独充当谓语，但能充当其它的一些成分（定语，表语，补语和状语）。一般式：doing；一般被动式：being done；完成式：having done；完成被动式：having been done。所有否定式都是在－ing前面加not。
现在分词的用法：
1）做表语： 如：He was very amusing. &&&&&&& That book was rather boring. 很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语：exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling. 2）作定语： 上面所出现的现在分词都可以用作定语,修饰一个名词： 如：That must have been a terrifying experience. &&&&&&& I found him a charming person. 现在分词短语还可以放在名词的后面修饰名词,相当于一个定语从句： 如：There are a few boys swimming in the river. &&&&&&& There is a car waiting outside. 3）作状语： 现在分词短语可以表示一个同时发生的次要的或伴随的动作： 如：Following Tom, we started to climb the mountain.&&&&&&&& Opening the drawer, he took out a box. &&&&&&& Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door. 现在分词短语还可以表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句： 如：Not knowing her address, we couldn't get in touch with her. &&&&&&& Being unemployed, he hasn't got much money. 现在分词短语还可以表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句： 如：Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. &&&&&&& Returning home, he began to do his homework.&&&&&&&&&Jim hurt his arm while playing tennis. &&&&&&& Be careful when crossing the road. &&&&&&& Having found a hotel, we looked for some where to have dinner. &&&&&&& Having finished her work, she went home. 4）作宾补： 现在分词在一些动词之后可以做宾语的补语： 例如：see, hear, catch, find, keep, have等。如：I see him passing my house every day. &&&&&&& I caught him stealing things in that shop. &&&&&&& I smelt something burning. &&&&&&& She kept him working all day.
现在分词其他用法解析：
1、现在分词一般式的用法：现在分词的一般式所表示的动作与主语动作同时发生： 如：When we arrived, we found him sleeping. 我们到达时发现他在睡觉。 &&&&&&&& Living in the 示的动作也可略早于或迟于谓语动作，但两者之间没有时间间隔： 如：Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave a note. 发现没有在家，他决定留个字条。&&&&&&&&& He went home, finding the door locked. 他回到家，发现门是锁着的。当现在分词所表示的动作略迟于谓语动作时，现在分词通常位于句末。2、现在分词完成式的用法：现在分词的完成式主要表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作： 如：Having been there once, she knew the place quite well. 由于去过那儿一次，她对那地方很熟悉。 &&&&&&& Having failed twice, he didn't want to try again. 他已经失败了两次，不想再试了。注：（1）现在分词的一般式和完成式均可表示已完成或先于谓语的动作，但有区别：现在分词所表示的动作虽然可以先于谓语动作，但两者之间没有时间间隔，而现在分词的完成式所表示先于谓语的动作则与谓语动作有一定的时间间隔： 如：Locking the door, he went out. 锁好门之后，他就出去了。 &&&&&&& Having invited him here to speak, we'd better go to his lecture. 既然我们请了他来作报告，我们最好去听一下。有时即使是分词动作与谓语动作几乎同时发生，但如果要强调分词动作的完成性，也应用现在分词的完成式： 如：Having bought our tickets, we went into the theatre. 我们买好票后就走进剧场。 （2）现在分词的完成式一般不用作定语：误：Do you know anyone having lost a cat? 你知道有谁丢了一只猫吗？误：I want to talk to the person having broken the window. 我想同打破窗户的人谈谈。若将以上现分词的完成式改为一般式也不可以（因为现在分词作后置定语时通常只表示与谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生的动作，而不能先于谓语动作而发生）：误：I want to talk to the person breaking the window. 3、现在分词被动式的用法：当要表示一个被动动作时，现在分词就用被动形式。现在分词的一般式和完成式均有被动式形式： （1）现在分词一般式的被动式：主要表示现在正在进行的动作，也可表示与谓语动作同时发生的动作： 如：Who is the woman being operated on? 正在动手术的女人是谁? &&&&&&&& I saw him being taken away by the police. 我看见他被警察带走。注：有时现在分词一般式的被动式所表示的动作也可发生在谓语动作之前（此时的现在分词通常用于表示原因，且多为状态动词）： 如：Not having a car, he finds it difficult to get around. 由于没车，她感到行动很困难。 （2）现在分词完成式的被动式：主要表示发生在谓语动词之前且已经完成的动作。如：The subject having been opened, he had to go on with it. 话题已经开始了，他不得不谈下去。 &&&&&&& Having been written inhaste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。比较：Being so ill, she can't go to school. 由于病得那么严重，她不能去上学。 &&&&&&&&&&& Having been ill for a long time, he needed time to recover. 由于病了很长时间，他需要一段恢复的时间。
动名词的被动式的概念：
表示动名词的逻辑主语是行为承受者，如：I like being given harder work. 我喜欢接受难点的工作。 　　
动名词被动式的用法：
当动名词的逻辑主语与动名词为被动关系时，动名词则要用被动式： 如：He didn't mind being left at home. 把他留在家里他并不介意。 &&&&&&& It felt funny being called Grand mother. 被人叫作祖母感到怪怪的。&&&&&&&&&This question is far from being settled. 这个问题远没解决。 【注】(1)在表示“需要”的动词need, want, require后接动名词时，习惯上要用主动式表示被动意义(但若用不定式，则用主动式表示被动意义)： 如：The outside of the house needs painting [to be painted]. 这房子外面需要油漆了。 &&&&&&& The machine requires repairing [to be repaired]. 这机器需要修理了。 &&&&&&&&&&& (2)在beworth后接动名词时也要用主动式表示被动意义： 如：This might be worth thinking about. 这可能值得考虑。 &&&&&&& The clock is hardly worth repairing. 这台钟简直不值得修理。
关于动名词被动式的用法应注意以下两点：
1、动名词一般式的被动式：动名词的主动式表明它与其逻辑主语之间为主动关系，而动名词的被动式则表明它与其逻辑主语之间为被动关系。如：She likes being looked at. 她喜欢被人瞧。 &&&&&&& He hates being interrupted. 他不愿意人打断她的话。 &&&&&&& He was afraid of being at tacked. 他担心受人攻击。 &&&&&&& He objected to being treated as a child. 他反对被当成孩子看待。 2、动名词完成式的被动式：动名词完成式的被动式有两个语法特征，一是表明它与其逻辑主语之间为被动关系，二是它表明它先于主要动作完成。如：She's angry about not having been invited. 她对没有受到邀请感到生气。 &&&&&&& I can't forgive myself for having been taken by surprise. 我不能原谅自己被打了个冷不防。 &&&&&&& He is ashamed of having been scolded by his teacher. 他对自己被老师责备一事感到很丢脸。由于动名词的一般式有时也可以表示先于主要动作的被动动作，所以动名词的完成被动式有时也可简化为一般式的被动式，即省去“having been+过去分词”中的having been。如：He resented being(having been)accused.他受到指责很生气。
不定式的被动式的概念：
如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式要用被动式。如：The next thing to be done is to get our classroom pained.
不定式被动式的用法：
一、基本形式： 不定式被动式的基本形式为to be done；若表示动作先于另一动作之前，则用完成式，即to have been done。 二、用法归纳：不定式被动式在句中可以用作： 1、主语：如：It's a great honour to be invited to the banquet. 承蒙邀请赴宴，甚是荣幸。 &&&&&&& To be attacked by the enemy is not a bad thing, but a good tiring. 被敌人反对是好事，不是坏事。 &&&&&&& It's a pity to be kept in the house in fine weather. 好天气时被留在家里是很遗憾的。 2、表语：如：All this is to be sold. 所有这些都是出售的。 &&&&&&& Water must be pure if it is to be drunk. 水如供饮用必须净化。 &&&&&&& The switchboard is to be manned at all times. 任何时候电话总机那儿都应有专人在岗负责。 3、宾语：如：She doesn't want to be separated from him. 她不愿和他分开。 &&&&&&& He begged to be allowed to return to Brazil. 他恳求允许他返回巴西。 &&&&&&& I don't wish to be disturbed in my work. 在工作时我不愿意被人打扰。 &&&&&&& They demanded to be shown the authentic documents. 他们要求出示真实可靠的文件。 4、定语：如：I made notes of the things to be mended. 我记下了需要修补的东西。 &&&&&& The Blacks are the first to be fired and the last to be hired. 黑人是最先被解雇，最后被雇用。 5、状语：如：He asked to be kept in formed about developments. 他要求随时向他报告发展情况。 &&&&&&& As she waited to be served, she became very impatient. 她在等候侍者送饭时，很不耐烦。 &&&&&&& She got there only to be told that they had gone on holiday. 她到达那里，被告知他们度假去了。 6、宾语补足语：如：He did not like his intention to be laughed at. 他不喜欢自己的意图受到嘲笑。 &&&&&&& He ordered the goods to be sent by air. 他命令把货物空运7、主语补足语：如：The court was ordered to be cleared. 有命令要关闭法庭。 &&&&&&& The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room. 不许将书携出室外。 8、用在“for+名(代)词+不定式”结构中。如：It's an honour for me to be asked to speak here. 我很荣幸被邀在这里讲话。 &&&&&&& It is essential for him to be prepared for this. 有必要让他对此有所准备。 &&&&&&& It's impossible for the job to be finished in time. 这项任务要按时完成是不可能的。 &&&&&&& The note was a simple request for a porter to be sent to room201. 这个字条就是请指派一个搬运工到201室去。 &&&&&&& Can you arrange for the gold to be delivered on Monday? 你能不能安排一下周一把金子送到?
动词不定式的被动式之注意点：
&一、注意形式与功用：不定式的被动式为“to be＋过去分词”，表示其逻辑主语是动作的承受者，具有被动含义。在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等。如：It was impossible for lost time to be made up. 要弥补已失去的时光是不可能的。 &&&&&&& I hope to be invited to the party. 我希望有人请我去参加晚会。 &&&&&&& Have you got ready for the meeting to be held? 你为即将举行的会议准备好了吗？&&&&&&&&&In order to be chosen, he sent each of them a present.为 了被选中，他给他们每人都送了礼物。 &&&&&&& The problem seems to be solved soon. 问题好像快要解决了。二、与不定式的主动式的比较：1、表示义务的概念，句子的主语是要做的动作或接受动作的人或物时，要用不定式的被动式。如：These sheets are to be washed. 这些床单要洗一洗。 &&&&&&& The cleaning is to be finished by mid day. 要在中午前打扫完毕。2、不定式作定语与被修饰词是主谓、动宾、同位等逻辑关系时，多用其主动式。如：Where is the boy to speak at tomorrow's meeting?(=who will speak at tomorrow's meeting主谓关系) 明天要在会上发言的那个男孩在哪里？&&&&&&&&&I have got a letter to write.(=that I will write动宾关系，尤其谓语动词为have, give, bring等时) 我有封信要写。 &&&&&& Give me a pen to write with.(=that I can write with不及物动词加上相应的介词)给我一枝笔写。 注意：如果动作的执行者在主语或宾语中没有出现，应用不定式的被动式。如：I'm going to the post office. Do you have any letters to be posted? 我要去邮局。你有信要寄吗？（动作执行者不是you） 3、在there be结构中，用不定式的主动式和被动式意义一般差别不大，但有些还是有差别的。如：There's a lot to be said (或to say) about this book. 关于这本书大有可说。 &&&&&&& There is nothing to see. 没有什么可看的了。 &&&&&&& There is nothing to be seen. 看不见有什么。(即“什么也没看见”) 4、修饰作表语或宾补的形容词的不定式，常用主动式表示被动含义。如：I don't think English hard to learn. 我认为英语不太难学。三、双重被动结构有些被动结构后接不定式作宾语、宾语补足语等时，仍然含有被动含义，就得用双重被动结构：如：The work is thought to be finished soon. 大家认为工作很快就完成了。四、动作发生的时间不定式多表示未来动作或情况，其被动式也不例外，上述各例皆有体现，尤其是改为定语从句时多为将来时的被动语态。另外我们还要注意以下两点： 1、表示被动关系时，当不定式的动作先于谓语时，可用不定式的被动式的完成时：to have been done；与谓语同时进行时，要用不定式的被动式的进行时：to be being done。如：The dead woman is said to have been badly treated. 据说死去的妇女受虐待。 &&&&&&& Rain forests are reported to be being cut down rapidly. 据报道雨林正被迅速地砍伐。 2、不定式的主动式作含序数词的被修饰词语的定语时，可表示已完成的动作。如：He was the first man to taste the tomato. 他是第一位品尝西红柿的人。 &&&&&&& They were the last to leave the countryside.他们是最后一批离开农村的。
虚拟语气的概念：
虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。在条件句中的应用条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。
虚拟语气在条件句中的应用：
一、真实条件句：真实条件句真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中if是如果的意思。时态关系句型：条件从句：一般现在时；主句：shall/will+动词原形 如：If he comes, he will bring his violin. 典型例题： The volleyball match will be put off if it___. A. will rainB. rainsC. rainedD. is rained 答案：B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。注意：1）在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will。如：&（错） If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.&&&&&&&&& （对） If you leave now, you will never regret it. &&&&&&&&&&& 2）表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用shall(will)+动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。 二、非真实条件句：非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。& 1）时态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。 a. 同现在事实相反的假设。句型：从句：一般过去时；主句：should(would)+动词原形 如：If they were here, they would help you. b.表示于过去事实相反的假设。句型：条件从句：过去完成时；主句：should(would)have+过去分词 如：If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded. &&&&&&& The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful. &&&&&&& If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going. c.表示对将来的假想句型：条件从句：一般过去时；主句：should+动词原形 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&从句： were+不定式；主句：would+动词原形 should+动词原形 如：If you succeeded, everything would be all right. &&&&&&& If you should succeed, everything would be all right. &&&&&&& If you were to succeed, everything would be all right. 三、混合条件句：主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。 如：If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. （从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。） &&&&&&& If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在).
比较if only与only if：
only if表示“只有”；if only则表示“如果……就好了”。If only也可用于陈述语气。 如：I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。 &&&&&&& If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响了，就好了。 &&&&&&& If only he comes early. 但愿他早点回来。&It is(high) time that It is(high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。 如：It is time that the children went to bed. &&&&&&& It is high time that the children should go to bed.& need“不必做”和“本不该做"”didn't need to do表示：过去不必做某事，事实上也没做。needn'thavedone表示：过去不必做某事，但事实上做了。 如：John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. &&&&&&& 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。&&& &&&&&&& John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home. &&&&&&& 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。(Mary步行回家，没有遇上John的车。) 典型例题：There was plenty o ftime. She___. A. mustn't have hurriedB. couldn't have hurriedC. must not hurryD. needn't have hurried 答案：D。needn't havedone. 意为"本不必"，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。 Mustn't have done用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn't have done,“不可能已经”。must not do不可以（用于一般现在时）
特殊的虚拟语气词should 的用法：
1）It is demanded/necessary/a pity+that…结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用should加动词原形，should可省略。句型： 如：It is suggested that we(should) hold a meeting next week. &&&&&&& It is necessary that he(should) come to our meeting tomorrow. 2）在宾语从句中的应用在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中。order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist+(should)do 如：I suggest that we(should) hold a meeting next week.&&&&&&&&He insisted that he(should) be sent there. 注意：如suggest, insist不表示“建议”或“坚持要某人做某事时”，即它们用于其本意“暗示、表明”、“坚持认为”时，宾语从句用陈述语气。 如：The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.判断改错：（错）You pale face suggests that you(should) be ill.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&（对）Your pale face suggests that you are ill. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& （错）I insisted that you(should) be wrong. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& （对）I insisted that you were wrong. 3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。 如：My idea is that we(should) get more people to attend the conference. &&&&&&& I make a proposal that we(should) hold a meeting next week.
虚拟语气知识体系：
虚拟条件句的倒装：
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had移到从句句首，实行倒装。 如：Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here now, they could help us.&&&&&&&&&&&&Had you come earlier, you would have met him=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.&&&& &&&&&&& Should it rain, the crops would be saved.=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved. 注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词“be”的过去时态一律用“were”，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。 如：If I were you, I would go to look for him.& 如果我是你，就会去找他。 &&&&&&& If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。典型例题：_____to do the work, I should do it some other day.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&A. If were I&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&B. I were&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C. Were I&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D. Was I 答案：C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前，变成were, should, had+主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说Were I not to do.，而不能说Weren't I to do。
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