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92.90637(2)
[] 4d4 5s1
Electrons per shell
2, 8, 18, 12, 1
Physical properties
; (;°C, ;°F)
;K (;°C, ;°F)
near 
8.57 g/cm3
689.9 kJ/mol
24.60 J/(mol·K)
P (Pa)
100 k
at T (K)
Atomic properties
5, 4, 3, 2, 1, -1, -3 (a mildly
Pauling scale: 1.6
1st: 652.1 kJ/mol
2nd: ;kJ/mol
3rd: ;kJ/mol
empirical: 146 
164±6 pm
Miscellanea
thin rod
;m/s (at 20 °C)
7.3 um/(m·K)
53.7 W/(m·K)
152 nΩ·m (at 0 °C)
paramagnetic
105 GPa
38 GPa
170 GPa
in Greek mythology, daughter of
First isolation
Recognized as a distinct
Most stable
680 y
3.47×107 y
0.561, 0.934
20.3×103 y
0.702, 0.871
Niobium, formerly columbium, is a
with symbol Nb (formerly Cb) and
41. It is a soft, grey,
, which is often found in the
mineral, the main commercial source for niobium, and . Its name comes from , specifically , who was the daughter of , the namesake of . The name reflects the great similarity between the two elements in their physical and chemical properties, making them difficult to distinguish.
The English chemist
reported a new element similar to tantalum in 1801 and named it columbium. In 1809, the English chemist
wrongly concluded that tantalum and columbium were identical. The German chemist
determined in 1846 that tantalum ores contain a second element, which he named niobium. In 1864 and 1865, a series of scientific findings clarified that niobium and columbium were the same element (as distinguished from tantalum), and for a century both names were used interchangeably. Niobium was officially adopted as the name of the element in 1949, but the name columbium remains in current use in metallurgy in the United States.
It was not until the early 20th century that niobium was first used commercially. Brazil is the leading producer of niobium and , an
of niobium and iron which has a niobium content of 60-70%. Niobium is used mostly in alloys, the largest part in special
such as that used in gas . Although these alloys contain a maximum of 0.1%, the small percentage of niobium enhances the strength of the steel. The temperature stability of niobium-containing
is important for its use in
Niobium is used in various
materials. These , also containing
and , are widely used in the
of . Other applications of niobium include welding, nuclear industries, electronics, optics, numismatics, and jewelry. In the last two applications, the low toxicity and iridescence produced by
are highly desired properties.
Charles Hatchett identified the element columbium within a mineral discovered in Connecticut, US.
Picture of a Hellenistic sculpture representing Niobe by
Niobium was
by English chemist
in 1801. He found a new element in a mineral sample that had been sent to England from , United States in 1734 by John Winthrop F.R.S. (grandson of ) and named the mineral columbite and the new element columbium after , the poetical name for the United States. The columbium discovered by Hatchett was probably a mixture of the new element with tantalum.
Subsequently, there was considerable confusion over the difference between columbium (niobium) and the closely related tantalum. In 1809, English chemist
compared the oxides derived from both columbium—columbite, with a density 5.918 g/cm3, and tantalum—, with a density over 8 g/cm3, and concluded that the two oxides, despite the significant difference in density, thus he kept the name tantalum. This conclusion was disputed in 1846 by German chemist , who argued that there were two different elements in the tantalite sample, and named them after children of : niobium (from ) and
(from ). This confusion arose from the minimal observed differences between tantalum and niobium. The claimed new elements pelopium, , and dianium were in fact identical to niobium or mixtures of niobium and tantalum.
The differences between tantalum and niobium were unequivocally demonstrated in 1864 by
and , as well as , who determined the formulas of some of the compounds in 1865 and finally by Swiss chemist
in 1866, who all proved that there were only two elements. Articles on ilmenium continued to appear until 1871.
De Marignac was the first to prepare the metal in 1864, when he
niobium chloride by heating it in an atmosphere of . Although de Marignac was able to produce tantalum-free niobium on a larger scale by 1866, it was not until the early 20th century that niobium was used in
filaments, the first commercial application. This use quickly became obsolete through the replacement of niobium with , which has a higher melting point. That niobium improves the
was first discovered in the 1920s, and this application remains its predominant use. In 1961, the American physicist
and coworkers at
discovered that
continues to exhibit superconductivity in the presence of strong electric currents and magnetic fields, making it the first material to support the high currents and fields necessary for useful high-power magnets and electrical power . This discovery enabled — two decades later — the production of long multi-strand cables wound into coils to create large, powerful
for rotating machinery, particle accelerators, and particle detectors.
Columbium (symbol "Cb") was the name originally given to this element by Hatchett, and this name remained in use in American journals—the last paper published by
with columbium in its title dates from 1953—while niobium was used in Europe. To end this confusion, the name niobium was chosen for element 41 at the 15th Conference of the Union of Chemistry in Amsterdam in 1949. A year later this name was officially adopted by the
(IUPAC) after 100 years of controversy, despite the chronological precedence of the name columbium. The latter name is still sometimes used in US industry. This was a the IUPAC accepted
instead of wolfram in deference to North A and niobium instead of columbium in deference to European usage. Not everyone agreed, and while many leading chemical societies and government organizations use the official IUPAC name, many leading metallurgists, metal societies, and the United States Geological Survey still use the original American name, "columbium".
Niobium is a , grey, ,
(see table), with an electron configuration in the outermost
atypical for group 5. (This can be observed in the neighborhood of
2, 8, 11, 2
2, 8, 18, 12, 1
2, 8, 18, 32, 11, 2
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 11, 2
Although it is thought to have a body-centered cubic
from T = 0 K to its melting point, high-resolution measurements of the thermal expansion along the three crystallographic axes reveal anisotropies which are inconsistent with a cubic structure. Therefore, further research and discovery in this area is expected.
Niobium becomes a
temperatures. At atmospheric pressure, it has the highest critical temperature of the elemental superconductors: 9.2 . Niobium has the greatest
of any element. In addition, it is one of the three elemental , along with
and . The superconductive properties are strongly dependent on the purity of the niobium metal.
When very pure, it is comparatively soft and ductile, but impurities make it harder.
The metal has thus it is used in the nuclear industries where neutron transparent structures are desired.
The metal takes on a bluish tinge when exposed to air at room temperature for extended periods. Despite a high melting point in elemental form (2,468 °C), it has a lower density than other refractory metals. Furthermore, it is corrosion-resistant, exhibits superconductivity properties, and forms
Niobium is slightly less
and more compact than its predecessor in the periodic table, , whereas it is virtually identical in size to the heavier tantalum atoms, as a result of the . As a result, niobium's chemical properties are very similar to those for tantalum, which appears directly below niobium in the . Although its corrosion resistance is not as outstanding as that of tantalum, the lower price and greater availability make niobium attractive for less demanding applications, such as vat linings in chemical plants.
Main article:
Niobium in the Earth's crust comprises one stable , 93Nb. By 2003, at least 32
had been synthesized, ranging in
from 81 to 113. The most stable of these is 92Nb with a
of 34.7 million years. One of the least stable is 113Nb, with an estimated half-life of 30 milliseconds. Isotopes that are lighter than the stable 93Nb tend to decay by , and those that are heavier tend to decay by , with some exceptions. 81Nb, 82Nb, and 84Nb have minor β+ delayed
decay paths, 91Nb decays by
and , and 92Nb decays by both
At least 25
have been described, ranging in atomic mass from 84 to 104. Within this range, only 96Nb, 101Nb, and 103Nb do not have isomers. The most stable of niobium's isomers is 93mNb with a half-life of 16.13 years. The least stable isomer is 84mNb with a half-life of 103 ns. All of niobium's isomers decay by
or beta decay except 92m1Nb, which has a minor electron capture .
Niobium is estimated to be the 34th , with 20 . Some think that the abundance on Earth is much greater, and that the element's high density has concentrated it in the Earth’s core. The free element is not found in nature, but niobium occurs in combination with other elements in minerals. Minerals that contain niobium often also contain tantalum. Examples include
((Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6) and
(or coltan, (Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)2O6). Columbite–tantalite minerals are most usually found as accessory minerals in
intrusions, and in alkaline intrusive rocks. Less common are the niobates of , ,
and the . Examples of such niobates are
((Na,Ca)2Nb2O6(OH,F)) and
((Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O6). These large deposits of niobium have been found associated with
(- ) and as a constituent of pyrochlore.
The three largest currently mined deposits of pyrochlore, two in Brazil and one in Canada, were founded in the 1950s, and are still the major producers of niobium mineral concentrates. The largest deposit is hosted within a carbonatite intrusion in , state of , Brazil, owned by CBMM (); the other active Brazilian deposit is located near , state of , and owned by , also hosted within a carbonatite intrusion. Together, those two mines produce about 88% of the world's supply. Brazil also has a large but still unexploited deposit near , state of , as well as a few smaller deposits, notably in the state of .
The third largest producer of niobium is the carbonatite-hosted
mine, in , near , Quebec, Canada, owned by . It produces between 7% and 10% of the world's supply.
Niobium producers in 2006 to 2015
After the separation from the other minerals, the mixed oxides of tantalum
and niobium
are obtained. The first step in the processing is the reaction of the oxides with :
Ta2O5 + 14 HF → 2 H2[TaF7] + 5 H2O
Nb2O5 + 10 HF → 2 H2[NbOF5] + 3 H2O
The first industrial scale separation, developed by , exploits the differing solubilities of the complex niobium and tantalum , dipotassium oxypentafluoroniobate monohydrate (K2[NbOF5]·H2O) and dipotassium heptafluorotantalate (K2[TaF7]) in water. Newer processes use the liquid extraction of the fluorides from
solution by
like . The complex niobium and tantalum fluorides are extracted separately from the
with water and either precipitated by the addition of
to produce a potassium fluoride complex, or precipitated with
as the pentoxide:
H2[NbOF5] + 2 KF → K2[NbOF5]↓ + 2 HF
Followed by:
2 H2[NbOF5] + 10 NH4OH → Nb2O5↓ + 10 NH4F + 7 H2O
Several methods are used for the
to metallic niobium. The
of a molten mixture of K2[NbOF5] the other is the reduction of the fluoride with . With this method, a relatively high purity niobium can be obtained. In large scale production, Nb2O5 is reduced with hydrogen or carbon. In the , a mixture of
and niobium oxide is reacted with :
3 Nb2O5 + Fe2O3 + 12 Al → 6 Nb + 2 Fe + 6 Al2O3
Small amounts of oxidizers like
are added to enhance the reaction. The result is
and , an alloy of iron and niobium used in the steel production. Ferroniobium contains between 60 and 70% niobium. Without iron oxide, the aluminothermic process is used to produce niobium. Further purification is necessary to reach the grade for
under vacuum is the method used by the two major distributors of niobium.
As of 2013,
from Brazil controlled 85 percent of the world's niobium production. The
estimates that the production increased from 38,700 tonnes in 2005 to 44,500 tonnes in 2006. Worldwide resources are estimated to be 4,400,000 tonnes. During the ten-year period between 1995 and 2005, the production more than doubled, starting from 17,800 tonnes in 1995. Between 2009 and 2011, production was stable at 63,000 tonnes per year, with a slight decrease in 2012 to only 50,000 tonnes per year.
Mine production (t) (USGS estimate)
Lesser amounts are found in Malawi's Kanyika Deposit ().
In many ways, Niobium is similar to
and . It reacts with most nonmetals
at 200 °; and with
at 400 °C, with products that are frequently interstitial and nonstoichiometric. The metal begins to
in air at 200 °. It resists corrosion by fused
and by acids, including , , ,
and . Niobium is attacked by
and hydrofluoric/nitric acid mixtures.
Although niobium exhibits all of the formal oxidation states from +5 to -1, the most common compounds have niobium in the +5 state. Characteristically, compounds in oxidation states less than 5+ display Nb–Nb bonding.
Niobium forms
+5 (), +4 (), +3 (Nb
3), and the rarer oxidation state, +2 (). Most common is the pentoxide, precursor to almost all niobium compounds and alloys. Niobates are generated by dissolving the pentoxide in
solutions or by melting it in alkali metal oxides. Examples are
(LiNbO3) and lanthanum niobate (LaNbO4). In the lithium niobate is a trigonally distorted -like structure, whereas the lanthanum niobate contains lone NbO3-
4 ions. The layered niobium sulfide (NbS2) is also known.
Materials can be coated with a thin film of niobium(V) oxide
processes, produced by the thermal decomposition of
above 350 °C.
A sample of niobium pentachloride (yellow portion) that has partially hydrolyzed (white material).
Ball-and-stick model of , which exists as a
Niobium forms halides in the oxidation states of +5 and +4 as well as diverse . The pentahalides (NbX
5) feature octahedral Nb centres. Niobium pentafluoride (NbF5) is a white solid with a melting point of 79.0 °C and
(NbCl5) is yellow (see image at left) with a melting point of 203.4 °C. Both are
to give oxides and oxyhalides, such as NbOCl3. The pentachloride is a versatile reagent used to generate the
compounds, such as
2). The tetrahalides (NbX
4) are dark-coloured polymers with Nb-N for example, the black
niobium tetrafluoride (NbF4) and brown niobium tetrachloride (NbCl4).
Anionic halide compounds of niobium are well known, owing in part to the
of the pentahalides. The most important is [NbF7]2-, an intermediate in the separation of Nb and Ta from the ores. This heptafluoride tends to form the oxopentafluoride more readily than does the tantalum compound. Other halide complexes include octahedral [NbCl6]-:
Nb2Cl10 + 2 Cl- → 2 [NbCl6]-
As with other metals with low atomic numbers, a variety of reduced halide cluster ions is known, the prime example being [Nb6Cl18]4-.
of niobium include
(NbN), which becomes a
at low temperatures and is used in detectors for infrared light. The main
is NbC, an extremely , ,
material, commercially used in cutting .
A niobium foil
Out of 44,500 tonnes of niobium mined in 2006, an estimated 90% was used in high-grade structural steel. The second largest application is . Niobium alloy superconductors and electronic components account for a very small share of the world production.
Niobium is an effective
element for steel, within which it forms
and . These compounds improve the grain refining, and retard recrystallization and precipitation hardening. These effects in turn increase the toughness, strength, formability, and weldability. Within microalloyed , the niobium content is a small (less than 0.1%) but important addition to
that are widely used structurally in modern automobiles.
These same niobium alloys are often used in pipeline construction.
Apollo 15 CSM in lunar orbit with
Quantities of niobium are used in nickel-, -, and -based
in proportions as great as 6.5% for such applications as
components, , rocket subassemblies, turbo charger systems, heat resisting, and combustion equipment. Niobium precipitates a hardening γ''-phase within the grain structure of the superalloy.
One example superalloy is , consisting of roughly 50% , 18.6% , 18.5% , 5% niobium, 3.1% , 0.9% , and 0.4% . These superalloys are used, for example, in advanced air frame systems for the . Another niobium alloy was used for the nozzle of the . Because niobium is oxidized at temperatures above 400 °C, a protective coating is necessary for these applications to prevent the alloy from becoming brittle.
C-103 alloy was developed in the early 1960s jointly by the
Co. and several other companies were developing
simultaneously, largely driven by the
and . It is composed of 89% niobium, 10%
and 1% titanium and is used for
thruster nozzles, such as the main engine of the .
The nozzle of the
series of engines developed by
for the upper stage of its
rocket is made from a Niobium alloy.
The reactivity of Nb with oxygen requires it to be worked in a
or , which significantly increases the cost and difficulty of production.
(EBM), novel processes at the time, enabled the development of niobium and other reactive metals. The project that yielded C-103 began in 1959 with as many as 256 experimental Nb alloys in the "C-series" (possibly from columbium) that could be melted as buttons and rolled into . Wah Chang had an inventory of Hf, refined from nuclear-grade , that it wanted to put to commercial use. The 103rd experimental composition of the C-series alloys, Nb-10Hf-1Ti, had the best combination of formability and high-temperature properties. Wah Chang fabricated the first 500-lb heat of C-103 in 1961, ingot to sheet, using EBM and VAR. The intended applications included
and liquid metal . Competing Nb alloys from that era included FS85 (Nb-10W-28Ta-1Zr) from Fansteel Metallurgical Corp., Cb129Y (Nb-10W-10Hf-0.2Y) from Wah Chang and Boeing, Cb752 (Nb-10W-2.5Zr) from Union Carbide, and Nb1Zr from Superior Tube Co.
scanner using niobium-superconducting alloy
3Sn), as well as the
are used as a
wire for . These superconducting magnets are used in
instruments as well as in . For example, the
uses 600 tons of superconducting strands, while the
uses an estimated 600 tonnes of Nb3Sn strands and 250 tonnes of NbTi strands. In 1992 alone, more than US$1 billion worth of clinical magnetic resonance imaging systems were constructed with niobium-titanium wire.
A 1.3 GHz SRF made from niobium is on display at
(SRF) cavities used in the
(result of the cancelled TESLA linear accelerator project) and
are made from pure niobium. A
used the same SRF technology from the FLASH project to develop 1.3 GHz nine-cell SRF cavities made from pure niobium. The cavities will be used in the 30-kilometre (19 mi)
of the . The same technology will be used in
at Fermilab.
The high sensitivity of superconducting niobium nitride
make them an ideal detector for
in the THz frequency band. These detectors were tested at the , the , the , and at , and are now used in the HIFI instrument on board the .
, which is a , is used extensively in mobile telephones and , and for the manufacture of
devices. It belongs to the
structure ferroelectrics like
are available as alternative to , but tantalum capacitors still predominate. Niobium is added to glass to attain a higher , making possible thinner and lighter .
Niobium and some niobium alloys are physiologically inert and . For this reason, niobium is used in prosthetics and implant devices, such as pacemakers. Niobium treated with
forms a porous layer that aids .
Like titanium, tantalum, and aluminium, niobium can be heated and
("reactive metal ") to produce a wide array of
colours for jewelry, where its hypoallergenic property is highly desirable.
A 150 Years
Coin made of niobium and silver
Niobium is used as a precious metal in commemorative coins, often with silver or gold. For example, Austria produced a series of silver niobium
coins starting in 2003; the colour in these coins is created by the
of light by a thin anodized oxide layer. In 2012, ten coins are available showing a broad variety of colours in the centre of the coin: blue, green, brown, purple, violet, or yellow. Two more examples are the 2004 Austrian EUR25 , and the 2006 Austrian EUR25 . The Austrian mint produced for Latvia a similar series of coins starting in 2004, with one following in 2007. In 2011, the Royal Canadian Mint started production of a $5
and niobium coin named Hunter's Moon in which the niobium was selectively oxidized, thus creating unique finishes where no two coins are exactly alike.
The arc-tube seals of high pressure
are made from niobium, sometimes alloyed with 1% niobium has a very similar coefficient of thermal expansion, matching the
ceramic, a translucent material which resists chemical attack or
by the hot liquid sodium and sodium vapour contained inside the operating lamp.
Niobium is used in
rods for some stabilized grades of stainless steel and in anodes for cathodic protection systems on some water tanks, which are then usually plated with platinum.
Niobium is an important component of high-performance heterogeneous catalysts for the production of acrylic acid by selective oxidation of propane.
Niobium has no known biological role. While niobium dust is an eye and skin irritant and a potential fire hazard, elemental niobium on a larger scale is physiologically inert (and thus hypoallergenic) and harmless. It is frequently used in jewelry and has been tested for use in some medical implants.
Niobium-containing compounds are rarely encountered by most people, but some are toxic and should be treated with care. The short- and long-term exposure to niobates and niobium chloride, two chemicals that are water-soluble, have been tested in rats. Rats treated with a single injection of niobium pentachloride or niobates show a
(LD50) between 10 and 100 mg/kg. For oral administration t a study with rats yielded a LD50 after seven days of 940 mg/kg.
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