托福阅读文章类型小结题怎样答

托福阅读总结题(prose&summary&question)做题技巧分析
题型讲解:总结题
1、题型介绍(略)
2.做题步骤
3.步骤详解
3.1步骤详解:第一步,读引导句
参照文章标题,提取引导句关键词。
3.2第二步,读选项
分析选项:
正确选项特征: 反应文章主旨
错误选项特征:
选项属于文章事实细节
选项出现比较逻辑
选项出现绝对化语气词
选项出现时间,条件,方式状语(须验证)
3.3第三步,选项关键词
关键词类别:
比较逻辑词
转折逻辑词
条件,时间,方式状语词
绝对语气词
相对于主旨词,更加具体的词
关键词用途:
1.更快鉴别选择正误。
2.更快回原位定位验证。
例1(T1R1Q14)
the ground is actually saturated with water.
○1.Sediments that hold
water were spread by glaciers and are still spread by rivers and
○2.Water is stored
underground in beds of loose sand and gravel or in cemented
○3.The size of a
saturated rock’s pores determines how much water it will retain
when the rock is put in a dry place.
○4.Groundwater often
remains underground for a long time before it emerges
○5.Like sandstone,
basalt is a crystalline rock that is very porous.
○6.Beds of
unconsolidated sediments are typically located at inland sites that
were once underwater.
例2(T1R2Q14):
Anthropologists have developed many theories to help
understand why and how theater originated.
○1.The presence of
theater in almost all societies is thought to have occurred because
story tellers traveled to different groups to tell their
○2.Many theorists
believe that theater arises when societies act out myths to
preserve social &well-being.
○3.The more
sophisticated societies became, the better they could influence
desirable occurrences through ritualized theater.
○4.Some theories of
theater development focus on how theater was used by group leaders
to group leaders govern other members of society.
○5.Theater may have come
from pleasure humans receive from storytelling and moving
rhythmically.
○6.The human capacities
for imitation and fantasy are considered possible reasons why
societies develop theater.
3.4第四步,定位原文
根据关键词定位原文验证
根据做题印象去相关段落
3.5第五步,做选择
4.综合例题
例1(T1R3Q13):
timberline, whether upper or lower, there is a profound change in
the growth of trees and other plants.
○1.Birch is one of the
few species of tree that can survive in the extreme environments of
the upper timberline.
○2.There is no agreement
among scientists as to exactly why plant growth is sharply
different above and below the upper timberline.
○3.The temperature at
the upper timberline is probably more important in preventing tree
growth than factors such as the amount of snowfall or the force of
○4.The geographical
location of an upper timberline has an impact on both the types of
trees found there and their physical
characteristics.
○5.High levels of
ultraviolet light most likely play a greater role in determining
tree growth at the upper timberline than do grazing animals such as
○6.Despite being
adjacent to the timberline, the alpine tundra is an area where
certain kinds of low trees can endure high winds and very low
temperatures.
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托福文章总结题如何拨开云雾见天日?
对托福的最后一道题目——文章总结题,很多同学总是苦于没有头绪。江湖上也有一些流传很广的方法,但是这些方法在应用时却漏洞百出。文章总结题正确的做题思路是什么呢?今天乐闻携尔的托福阅读老师杨允慧就为你解答这个问题!要了解文章总结题的做题方法,首先要明确它的题目要求。你会在每个文章总结题看到这样的题目要求:“Directions: An introductory sentence for a briefsummary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting theTHREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Somesentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are notpresented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question isworth 2 points.”这里的四句话包含了和解题有关的三个重要信息点:信息一:“An introductorysentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.(下面提供了一个引导句,这个引导句是对文章的简短摘要。”这句话就告诉我们每个文章总结题都会有个引导句,很多同学不知道引导句的存在或者即使知道也根本不看引导句,那么这个引导句有什么作用呢?其实它就是文章主旨,文章主旨对判断选项有强大的指示作用。要了解这个指示作用我们需要先知道文章总结题让我们选择什么样的选项,也就是正确答案有什么特点?答案就在信息点二。信息二:“Complete thesummary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most importantideas in the passage.(通过选择三个表达文章中最重要的观点的选项完成总结。)”这个信息点告诉们正确选项表达的是文章中最重要的观点。什么是最重要的观点呢?能够说明文章主旨句的观点才是最重要的观点。因为我前面讲到文章主旨对判断选项有强大的指示作用,也就是说文章主旨可以帮助我们更加明确正确选项应该是围绕什么话题展开的。比如说托福官方指南上有篇文章为The Origins of Cetaceans,其文章总结题的引导句为:“This passagediscusses fossils that help to explain the likely origins of cetaceans—whales,porpoises, and dolphins.”(这篇文章讨论了可以帮助解释海洋鲸类-鲸鱼、鼠海豚、海豚-的可能起源)这道题目的选项如下:Answer Choices1. Recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show thelink between land mammals and cetaceans.2. The discovery of Ambulocetus natans provided evidencefor a whale that lived both on land and at sea.3. The skeleton of Basilosaurus was found in what hadbeen the Tethys Sea, an area rich in fossil evidence.4. Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be found.5. Fossils thought to be transitional forms betweenwalking mammals and swimming whales were found.6. Ambulocetus' hind legs were used for propulsion in thewater.第一步:读引导句,明确正确答案的方向。根据这个引导句的指示作用,我们知道正确选项需要能够帮助解释鲸类的可能起源。因此我们可以判断出选项3、4和6并没有解释鲸类的起源,都和引导句无关,因此这三个选项可以排除。那么剩下的1、2和5也就是正确答案了。当然了,这只是个说明引导句作用的完美例子,并不是所有的题目只通过引导句都可以判断出来,但另一方面这显示了引导句,也就是文章主旨句的强大作用。因此这是文章总结题的第一步:读引导句,明确正确答案的方向。第二步:找正确答案第二步是什么呢?当然是找正确答案,正确答案的特点是什么?第二个信息点已经告诉我们了,也就是要找到文章中最重要的观点,即说明文章主旨的各段主旨。注意,在这里各段主旨前我加上了“说明文章主旨”,是因为有些段落只是引言段落(通常是第一段,或前两段),这些段落只是为了引出文章中心话题,因此它们的主旨句并不是答案。主旨句在哪里呢?是不是就是各段第一句话呢?可以肯定的是,有些段落主旨确实在各段第一句,并且这是比较常见的现象。但是还有其他常见位置为段落主旨,还是以刚才的文章为例。It should be obvious that cetaceans—whales,porpoises, and dolphins—are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not throughgills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence ofhind legs, and the presence of a fluke1 and blowhole2 cannot disguise theiraffinities with land dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea ottersand pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional bothon land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales lookedlike. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossilrecord. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged?Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional,between land mammals and cetaceans.这是TheOrigins of Cetaceans的第一段,这段的第一句为:“Itshould be obvious that cetaceans—whales, porpoises, and dolphins—are mammals.”(显而易见的是,海洋鲸类-鲸鱼、鼠海豚和海豚-都是哺乳动物)这句话能作为本段的主旨句吗?显然不是,它只是为了引出主旨句,而当我们继续往下读时发现主旨句其实是最后一句:“Missinguntil recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between landmammals and cetaceans.”(明显位于陆地哺乳动物和海洋鲸类的中间性过渡性化石直到现在才找到),而这个句子对应的正是文章总结题的正确选项一。由此可见,判断文章主旨的时候不能以单单一个句子(开头或结尾),而是通读段落之后,结合这些位置(开头、结尾)找出最能概括这一段主要内容的观点句,这样才能保证对这一段的理解没有偏差。这就是文章总结题的第二步:找出说明文章主旨的各段主旨,这也是最为核心的一步。第三步:判断选项判断选项选的是说明文章主旨的各段主旨,排除的是干扰选项。那么什么才是干扰选项呢?第三个信息点告诉了我们答案。信息点三:“Some sentencesdo not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presentedin the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.”(有些句子不属于总结因为它们表达的信息文章中没有提到,或者是文章中的次要观点)这里就说明了干扰选项的两个特点,一个是文章没提到的信息。需要注意的是,这里的没提到包含两个层面:选项内容文章中没有提到和选项内容和文章不一致。干扰选项第二个特点:文章的次要观点。如何判断是文章次要观点呢?以TPO3的第一篇文章Architecture为例:该篇文章总结题有两个选项都在原文第二段出现。选项1“Architectsseek to create buildings that are both visually appealing and well suited forhuman use.”(建筑学家试图创造视觉上吸引人并且适合人类使用的建筑)对应第二段的第四句:“It isthe work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructionsbut also offer inspiration and delight.”(建筑学家的工作不仅是创造出建筑物而且能够提供灵感和愉悦感)。选项2“Both clientsand architects are responsible for the mediocre designs of some modernbuildings.”(客户和建筑学家造成了一些现代建筑的平庸设计。)对应第二段的最后一句:“Themediocre design of many contemporary buildings can be traced to both clientsand architects.” (很多当代建筑的平庸设计可以追溯至客户和建筑学家)。这两个选项都是第二段的观点,那么哪一个是主要观点(段落主旨),哪一个是次要观点呢?我们可以结合引导句(文章主旨句)判断。这道题目的引导句是“Architectureuses forms and space to express cultural values.”(建筑学使用形式和空间表达文化价值)据此判断,本篇文章主要讲建筑学的特点,而不是平庸设计的原因,所以对于第二段来说,选项1概括了段落主旨,而选项2是一个次要观点。因此判断一个选项是不是次要观点需要首先判断段落的主要观点(段落主旨),而判断主要观点则需要根据文章主旨和段落内容。除了题目要求中列明的两个干扰选项,还有第三个干扰选项:细节。但是如何判断细节是大家纠结的问题,有人总结说有专有名词(人名、地名)、数字、年代的是细节。这种方法正确吗?以TPO3的第二篇文章为例:该篇文章的文章总结题三个正确答案是136(模考软件上的顺序)。第一个选项为:“The use of theOgallala for irrigation has allowed the High Plains to become one of the mostproductive agricultural regions in the United States.”可以看出,该选项有三个地名:“Ogallala、the High Plains、the UnitedStates”。但是它却是正确答案。因此人名、地名、数字、年代并不能作为判断选项是细节的标准。那么如何判断选项是细节呢?文勇在《阅读手稿》有详细的解答,我们可以借鉴一下:所谓的细节,是指在文章里面不需要被论证的部分;所谓的主干,是在文章里面需要且等待被论证的部分。以上是细节的本质,根据这个定义,细节的表现就有很多了,主要有例子、引入句(引出主旨的作用)、用来证明主旨的数据列举、一个实验的过程,这些都是细节。由此,文章总结题的三个步骤就可以总结为:第一步:看引导句,明确正确答案方向。第二步:回读文章找说明文章主旨的段落主旨。第三步:判断选项,排除干扰。读了以上的解析,同学们是不是对文章总结题的做题方法有了认识了呢?那就赶紧做几道题试试吧!本文作者:乐闻携尔托福阅读老师杨允慧
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【实例解析】托福阅读小结题的答题技巧
日10:29 来源:小站整理
阅读(265)
摘要:在托福备考过程中,托福写作都会是难住广大考生的一个问题。本文主要为大家带来托福阅读中小结题的答题技巧,帮助我们提升托福写作成绩。希望能为大家的托福备考带来帮助。
在的考题中,小结题似乎是一个很常见的题型,但是如果想要完整的表述一个小结题也并非详细中的那么容易,下面我们就为大家详细介绍一下,阅读中小结题的答题技巧。
Prose Summary 小结题
An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided
below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express
the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the
summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are
minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
一个总结性句子已经给出.通过选择三个选项来完成这个总结,所选的选项需要表达原文最重要的信息.有些选项不属于总结性选项,因为他们表达了没在原文中出现的信息或者是原文中的细节信息.此题两分.)通过分析题干给出的具体信息,我们能够看出,这道题目的关键要求在于选择重要信息,总结性信息.也就意味着,有的选项虽然正确,但是如果它表达的是原文中的细节信息,那么依然不能作为正确答案,这是这道题目中最难的一个点.
13-14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the
passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer
choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer
choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not
presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.
This question is worth 2 points. This passage discusses fossils that help to
explain the likely origins of cetaceanswhales, porpoises, and dolphins.
Answer Choices
1. Recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show the link between land
mammals and cetaceans.
2. The discovery of Ambulocetus natans provided evidence for a whale that
lived both on land and at sea.
3. The skeleton of Basilosaurus was found in what had been the Tethys Sea, an
area rich in fossil evidence.
4. Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be found.
5. Fossils thought to be transitional forms between walking mammals and
swimming whales were found.
6. Ambulocetus' hind legs were used for propulsion in the water.
这是每篇文章最后的一个大题,基于全文的基础进行提问,所以,我们可以根据文章的关键句,先来判断这篇文章的主要内容.以下摘选了文章的每个自然段的关键句,我们一起
来看一下:
THE ORIGINS OF CETACEANS
第一自然段:It should be obvious that cetaceanswhales, porpoises, and dolphins-are
mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live
第二自然段:Very exciting discoveries have finally__ allowed scientists to
reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. …
第三自然段:The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct
group of ancestors of modern cetaceans. Although limited to a skull, the
Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans. …
第四自然段:Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of
another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys
Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. …
第五自然段:An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan.
The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans ("the walking whale that swam") lived
in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. …
首先,第一自然段综述关于鲸类动物是哺乳动物的事实,到了第二自然段开始揭示鲸类动物起源的具体细节,说到科学家有一些重要发现,到了第三自然段开始交待第一种化石的名称Pakicetus.第四自然段又提到另外一种化石发现,名字为Basilosaurus,最后一自然段提到第三种化石发现Ambulocetus
natans,总结来说,这篇文章通过介绍三个化石来揭示了鲸类的起源.
接下来,我们来看以下选项,首先来看第一个选项:
1. Recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show the link between land
mammals and cetaceans.(
最近的化石发现帮助解释了陆生哺乳动物与鲸类之间的关系),此选项概括了本文的主要信息,因此可以算作小结题的答案.2. The discovery of
Ambulocetus natans provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at
sea.( 化石Ambulocetus natans 的发现提供了关于鲸及生活在陆地上又生活在海里的依据),Ambulocetus natans
是本文三个重要化石之一, 且在本选项中体现了Ambulocetus natans 化石对于揭示鲸类起源的重要作用,因此算作小总结信息从而作为正确选项.3.
The skeleton of Basilosaurus was found in what had been the Tethys Sea, an area
rich in fossil evidence.(Basilosaurus 在一个叫做Tethys Sea
的地方被发现,这个地方有很多的化石),此选项中虽然提到了本文的一个重要化石Basilosaurus,但是并没有陈述Basilosaurus
对于揭示鲸类起源的作用,因此不能算作正确答案.换句话说,只提到Basilosaurus 化石所发现的地点是不足以作为本文的小结信息的.4. Pakicetus
is the oldest fossil whale yet to be found.(Pakicetus
是迄今为止发现的最古老的鲸类化石),此选项也提到了本文中重要化石Pakicetus,但并没有提到Pakicetus
对于揭示鲸类起源的作用,因此不能作为小结题的重要选项.5. Fossils thought to be transitional forms
walking mammals and swimming whales were
found.(被认为是陆生哺乳动物与水生鲸类之间的过渡化石被发现),此选项概括了本文的主要内容,本文的主旨内容即是讲述鲸类原本是陆生哺乳动物的事实,因此,5
是正确选项.6. Ambulocetus' hind legs were used for propulsion in the
water.(Ambulocetus natans 的后腿用来在水中前进),本选项貌似也提到了重要化石Ambulocetus
natans,但是Ambulocetus natans 的后腿用来在水中前进是一个细节信息,因此不能作为正确答案.所以,本题的正确答案为125.
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托福阅读总结题做题技巧:挑出论点
  托福阅读文章总结题,考察的是考生们的概括总结能力,考生们需要在一定的文章了解基础之上才能发挥出该能力。那么对于总结题应该如何来做呢?重要的一点就是要挑出论点,总领提纲之后,一点点抽丝剥茧,化难为简。
  TYPE9总结题
  文章总结题,类似于我们的托福写作,老外的文章也是几个论点,然后每个论点加入一些例子细节构成的,总结题就是要我们挑出来这些论点。
  清楚了题目的考察目的,我们来看一下选项的设置。
  六个选项里面有三个对的,两个不靠谱的跟文章不沾边的,就是细节题那种原文没提的选项,还有一个是细节信息。
  先看个例子:
  我爱她。First,她很美。她长的很像杨幂。Besides,她身材很好。Last,她学习好,期末时候给我讲题保证我不挂科。
  1 她很美
  2她长的像杨幂
  3她身材好
  4她学习好
  5小明经常挂科
  6柳岩身材好
  大家很容易选出来134是主论点,而2是细节信息 5文章没提 6 虽然柳岩身材真的很好,但是我们不能选,因为这是原文中没有的。
  熟悉了选项的设置之后,我就给大家介绍出题思路。这种题,还是建议大家用直选与排除的方法结合。
  直选:读文章每段的段首,注意,不仅仅是第一句话。读到哪里为止呢,当开始有for example,或者开始说在几几年之类的细节信息,之前的部分就是观点性内容。
  举例:The opposite of an opportunist is a competitor. These organisms tend to have big bodies, are long-lived, and spend relatively little effort each year on reproduction. An oak tree is a good example of a competitor. A massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more, outcompeting all other would-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any free water in the soil. The leaves of an oak tree taste foul because they are rich in tannins, a chemical that renders them distasteful or indigestible to many organisms. The tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity. Although oaks produce thousands of acorns, the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy spent on building leaves, trunk, and roots. Once an oak tree becomes established, it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire. A population of oaks is likely to be relatively stable through time, and its survival is likely to depend more on its ability to withstand the pressures of competition or predation than on its ability to take advantage of chance events. It should be noted, however, that the pure opportunist or pure competitor is rare in nature, as most species fall between the extremes of a continuum, exhibiting a blend of some opportunistic and some competitive characteristics。
  有同学看到这段就头疼了,这么长,其实不长,就两句话加个单词。
  看第一句,相对于机会者的是竞争者。然后第二句描述了竞争者的特点,之后出现了oak,用oak举例。所以本段的主旨就是相对于机会者的是竞争者,竞争者有…………。然后用oak举例说明这些特征!
  找到了每段的主旨,去对应选项,选项的顺序是和文章段落顺序相同的,一一对应去选择主旨句的同意转述就OK了。
  名门正派的招式介绍完了,下面开始介绍歪门邪道技巧。
  按照问题的关键词寻找答案。就像我上面的例子,我再说“她”,我爱她,所以正确的选项里面一定要有“她”的出现。
  上例题:The technology of modern cinema evolved at the end of the nineteenth century。
  1、 Kinetoscope parlors or viewing films were modeled on phonograph parlors
  2、 Thomas Edison’s design of the
  Kinetoscope inspired the development of large screen projection。
  3、 Early cinema allowed individuals to use special machines to view films privately。
  4、 Slides-and-lantern shows had been presented。
  5、 The development of projection technology made it possible to project images on a large screen
  6、 once films images could be projected,
  the cinema became a form of mass consumption
  其中只有三个选项有本问题的关键词,本问题的关键词是 the technology of cinema。
  针对细节信息与原文中没有的信息,有不同的排除方法。
  先看细节信息
  判断一个选项是否是细节信息,要看它在文中的位置,如果它在文中的前一句是观点,而它后面没有支持它的信息,它就是细节信息。比如我上面写的那句,她长的很像杨幂,这句之前是她很美这个观点,之后是另一个观点,说明它就是细节信息。
  细节信息的特征:一般存在于举例中,大体有两种,1,事实性内容,事实是用来支持观点的。2 定义性内容,如她是个女的,这只是让你知道,而不是要论述的。
  这中排除方法有个小技巧,就是当选项里面有时间,数字的时候必为细节信息,很好理解,时间数字都是具体的信息,都是为了支持论点的。
  上例题:
  This passage discusses fossils that help to explain the likely origins of cetaceans-whales, porpoises and dolphins
  Answer choices
  1 Recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show he link between land mammals and cetaceans
  2、The discovery of Ambulocetus natans provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at sea
  3、The skeleton of Basilosaurus are found in what had been the Tehys Sea, an area rich in fossil evidence。
  4 Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be found
  5、Fossils thought to be transitional forms between walking mammals and swimming whales were found。.
  6、Ambulocetus’hind legs were used for propulsion in the water。
  第三个:B的骨骼是在T海发现的,明显的事实性内容,排除
  第四个:P是……,定义性内容,排除
  第六个:A的前爪是用来……,事实性内容,排除
  对于原文中没有的信息,这个没什么好说的了,很明显,就是细节题的那种原文没有的错误选项,比如上面的小明经常挂科和柳岩身材很好。
  一般老师们建议大家做这种题的时候,先排除那两个不靠谱的,再区别主论点和细节信息。当然每个人有每个人的做题习惯和方法,只要是适合自己的就是最好的,相信在托福阅读总结题中会取得高分。
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