英媒印度:印度修建一座桥要多少时间

英媒:印度大量投资基础建设 经济发展将赶超中国
作者:赵小侠
  【环球网综合报道】据路透社网站5月31日消息,印度政府在总理莫迪的领导下开展了大量改革、厉行节约,与此同时,印度政府在修建公路与铁路等基础设施上投入巨额资金,分析师表示,这能够消除人们对印度经济能否真的赶超中国的怀疑。
  据报道,印度在2015/16财年将公路桥梁建设投资增加了一倍,铁路建设投资增加了三分之一,莫迪希望借此加快印度发展。对此,基础设施服务公司Feedback
Infra经理Vinayak
Chatterjee指出,“印度政府已经意识到基础设施就像屋子里的大象一样明显又必要,而一旦这些措施得到落实,这头巨象就会起舞,带动整个印度经济的发展。”
  考虑到各部门并未削减投资,莫迪的首席经济顾问Arvind
Subramanian认为,今年经济能增长一个百分点还多,即便中央银行表示投资仅增加了0.5%。5月28日发布的数据显示截止三月份,本季度经济增长了7.5%,远高于中国。然而,许多经济学家对政府统计人员借以衡量印度发展状况计算GDP的新方法表示怀疑。
  如果Subramanian关于基础设施投资对印度不被看好的经济的影响的看法是正确的,这些担忧将会消失。
  印度经济赶超中国的想法能否实现取决于印度各部门是否将本财年为基础设施建设额外划拨的110亿美元投入使用。他们在4月份开展迅猛,在2015/16财年380亿美元的财政花费预算中投入了60亿美元。
  (实习编译:龚长枭 审稿:赵小侠)
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英媒:中国厂商包揽印度智能手机前三
更新时间: 14:30&&作者:艾希&&;浏览:
  英媒称,中国智能手机制造商小米表示,该公司去年在印度的营收已超过10亿美元。国内连续不断的竞争压力正促使小米寻求在境外实现增长。
  据英国《金融时报》网站1月9日报道,到目前为止,中资高科技企业引领着印度的智能手机市场。在其余地域增长已开端萎缩之际,这块次大陆被视为移动设备制造商下一个伟大的未开发市场。
  小米首席财务官周受资在接收采访时告知英国《金融时报》,小米智能手机在印度的销量从300万部增长至650万部左右,增加了一倍以上。&对我们来说,2016年是个分水岭,我们真正成为一家跨国公司。&
  小米和华为及联想旗下的摩托罗拉,是印度销量前三的智能手机公司。
  周受资表现,为了在仅仅两年时间内实现这一目标,小米&复制了我们在中国的战略&,聚焦于在线销售和配套产品生态系统,并由被小米称为&米粉&的热情群体(而不是传统的广告营销)宣传。
  不外,在阅历了截至2015年的爆炸性增长期之后,从前两年小米难以维持在中国的增长势头,在全球最大移动市场中国让OPPO和vivo等国内竞争对手夺走了桂冠。
  周受资不愿泄漏去年小米在全球的销量是否增加。他说:&小米在以我们希望的方式&&在我们希望增长的地区&&增长。&小米并未不计代价地把增长或抢占市场份额摆在首位,而是把注意力放在进步其在线销售和分销的效率、发展小米配套产品的&生态系统&上。
  这些产品包含联网的空气净化器、电饭煲,以及人气爆棚、已销售逾2300万部的小米手环健身跟踪设备。
  周受资表示,小米聚焦于智能手机、电视机、无线路由器和笔记本电脑。同时,该公司已对77家初创企业投入资金或予以支持。把这些都加起来,被捆绑至小米智能家庭中心应用的可联网装备销量已超过5000万部。他说,有几家此类小米生态系统企业的销售额已超过10亿元人民币。许多此类配套设备在拉斯维加斯国际消费电子展上亮相。
  周受资表示,在印度取得初步胜利之后,对于把这种运作模式推广至包括&重要新兴市场大国、欧洲和美国&在内的各国,小米现在越来越有信心。他表示,这种运作模式把买得起的品质和超高效率相联合,很像日本家居品牌无印良品(MUJI)和美国折扣零售商好市多(Costco)的混杂体。
  他说:&对我们来说,美国是个重要市场。我们希望以正确方式进入美国市场。&
  到目前为止,在苹果和三星占统治位置的美国,中国手机制造商在很大水平上很难开拓有意义的分销和销售格式。
  2014年底,小米以450亿美元的估值筹得11亿美元,成为寰球最有价值的私人持股高科技企业之一。
  周受资表示,2015年底,随着在中国的销售开始萎缩,小米认定&盲目增长非常危险&。&我们将始终追求最高品德和成本效率最高的渠道,将节俭下来的本钱返还消费者。我们选择用这种方法在2016年获得增长。&
  只管小米已有两年多没有筹集新资金,但周受资表示&我们不需要&再筹集更多资金。他说:&没有理由以为我们不在盈利。&
下一篇:没有了英媒:印度能够封锁中国吗?
【原文题目】Can India Blockade China?
【中文题目】印度能够封锁中国吗?
【原文作者】Shashank Joshi 沙善o乔希,英国王家联合军种国防研究所(Royal United Services Institute)研究员
【发表日期】日
【声& & 明】译文为独家网原创,转载务必注明出处。
【摘& & 要】针对中国海上交通有选择的封锁在现实中是难以实现的,即便理论上这样的预期很诱人。印度在富足的时候能在这些问题上大笔花钱,但是现在它面临的是比二十一世纪初低得多的增长率,并且不大可能迅速恢复到快速发展的阶段。海权者、陆权者及其他人之间的争论对印度的军事发展如何推进是重要的导向。
【译& & 文】
& && & 印度海军这周很忙。印度第一艘国产核潜艇“歼敌者(Arihant)”号周六迎来关键时刻,即核反应堆达到临界状态,同时,第一艘国产航空母舰“维克兰特”在今天正式与公众见面。我们长期以来都认为,印度迅速现代化并扩张其舰队的主要任务之一是在冲突中应对中国海上交通线(SLOCs)的压力。
& && & 《经济学人》几个月前认为,“印度的海军优势可以阻断中国途经马六甲海峡的石油通道。”大卫o斯科特近期在《战略研究期刊》上的文章称:“在马六甲海峡问题上,印度有能力阻断中国到印度洋的通道(中国所谓的‘马六甲困境’)。”熟知的国防记者哈麦德o舒克拉写道“分析人士同意印度海军能够在任何时刻切断通向印度洋的航线”,并引用一名退役的舰艇指挥官的话,“在卡尔尼科巴岛部署几艘核潜艇和一组战斗机中队就能轻易执行阻断。”2004年,印度第一份官方海军原则声称,“对咽喉要道的控制可以作为国际权力斗争中的谈判砝码”。
& && & 退役的海军少将梅农在印度的战略讨论中是海权的积极推动者,在近期《印度教徒报》的特约评论中批评政府重金打造一支针对中国边境的新型印度陆军作战部队的决定:
& && & 首先,我们似乎没有评估中国的优势与劣势。他们的优势是他们在西藏建立的强大后勤网络。建立一支单轴的作战部队那是和他们的强项战斗。中国的弱点在印度洋,这是连北京都不得不承认的。他们的政治体系与经济繁荣之间的冲突需要越来越多的资源解决,中国的资源库是非洲,这就形成了印度洋上庞大的海上交通线(SLOC)。如今它们只是SLOCs,未来就将变成中国的咽喉。因此北京对印度洋的偏执是可以理解的,但据其战略评论员所言,威胁仅仅来自美国。在加强印度海军SLOC封锁能力上耗资六万亿卢比,这将使我们能够束缚中国在印度洋上的航线。只需要六万亿卢比的投资,喜马拉雅山脉的整个边境线就能因我们在印度洋上的实力而成为人质。
& && & 梅农的这种观点很常见。但有趣的是对这种观点的大量批评。佐拉瓦尔o多雷o辛格在《印度教徒报》反击道:
& && & 尽管在概念上很直观,这样的联系要求对等:北京需要足够重视其SLOC的完整性,才会调整陆上边境的部署以作为交换。海上封锁也是复杂的行动。中国发现其资源安全受到威胁需要的时间要远长于对迅速有限的陆上行动的反应,无论陆上行动的目的是惩罚性的还是要改变实际控制线。中国不断增长的战略石油储备虽然目的是抵消市场冲击,但在这种情况下仍是一种优势。进一步看,中国加强新的亚欧线路的联系,包括与俄罗斯不断增强的能源联系以及与中亚的互动,这表明中国至少在减少某些战略资源上对印度洋SLOC的潜在依赖。坦率地说,核心利益不能通过外围态势的提升来保卫。
& && & 巴拉特o卡纳德在《新印度快报》上表达了相似的观点:
& && & 正如实践经验表明的,海洋战略只能战胜岛国(如二战中的日本),但仅凭此,最多能严重扰乱而非扼杀使用陆上交通线的主要陆上强国......
& && & 在解放军发动的“有限战争”中,在马六甲海峡东部损失几艘中国战舰,或者在公海上击沉、捕获一些中国商船,明显不足以弥补在阿鲁纳恰尔邦损失的宝贵领土以及其它实际控制线(LAC)附近的其它领土,而中国武装不大可能再像1962年那样轻易撤回了。所以陆上的现状不会像海上那样容易维持。
& && & 卡纳德还质疑道,“到2030年拥有50多艘主力舰”的印度海军有足够的力量实现对中国的完全封锁吗?这就引起了一个重要的争论,即封锁需要比陆上行动更长的时间来达到目标:
& && & 事实上,中国能够在许多海军舰艇和商船被发现并击沉以及经济受到影响之前完成其有限战争的目标。......第三,与印度不同的是,中国已经建立起来石油和矿产的战略储备;这些能够在印度的海上反击生效之前维持到有限战争结束。
& && & 尼廷o格哈尔赞同并补充道:SLOC不是一个非印即中的排他性保护区,因此国际社会有责任进行干预,以保证旅客能够自由进行正常的贸易和商务活动。针对中国海上交通的有选择性的封锁在现实中是难以实现的,即便理论上这样的预期很诱人。
& && & 这场辩论很有趣,原因如下:
& && & 首先,它代表了对美国关于封锁中国之可行性的讨论的潜在回应。尽管美印海军之间有了更多互动,而且印度对于更为广泛的关注中国、聚焦亚洲的争论产生日益浓厚的兴趣,印度仍然坚定地从单方面的视角考虑这一问题。所讨论的情况通常是中印双边争端,以及印度单边采取假想中的封锁行动。
& && & 其次,印度对本国海军力量的评估将是塑造印度危机中的行动的重要因素,特别是当边境冲突再次爆发时。印度是否相信自己已经掌握这种程度的海军手段,将影响到该国对自己能否升级未来边境冲突的判定。
& && & 对这一轮讨论来说尤为重要的是,区分中国船只与其它国际船只这一问题获得了关注——这个实际问题在对印度海军强制行动的讨论中通常被忽略,结果使得“封锁”的容易程度被夸大了。
& && & 第三,这场辩论牵涉到了军种间的资源分配,背景是海军最近输给了其竞争对手。在年国防预算中,海军在总军费中占的份额下降得最多,并且海军的份额是最少的(18%,相比之下,印度空军是28%,陆军是49%)。
& && & 而且,印度审计署最近的一篇报告发现,印度海军仅拥有“其最低需求61%的护卫舰、44%的驱逐舰和20%的轻巡洋舰”。关于中国在陆上还是海上更脆弱,关系到印度未来如何配置自己的资源,以及这些船只数量上的差额(特别是潜艇)在更长期能否得到弥补。
& && & 最后,关于如何应对中国的讨论是有价值的。组建山地部队的决定引发的这场辩论,成为权衡取舍的论述,引出了前线优先权的问题。
& && & 权衡取舍与优先权占据着策略的核心,对于印度这样一个长期以来因缺乏战略思考而备受指责的国家来说,这样的争论是有益的,这将迫使该国思考关于军队现代化的问题,包括在陆海空等多维权力方面作出一系列选择,而不是彼此隔绝地思考这些问题并做出决定。
& && & 印度在富足的时候能在这些问题上大笔花钱,但是现在它面临的是比二十一世纪初低得多的增长率,并且不大可能迅速恢复到快速发展的阶段。海权者、陆权者及其他人之间的争论对印度的军事发展如何推进是重要的导向。
【原& & 文】
The Indian Navy has had a big week. The reactor in its first indigenous nuclear submarine, the Arihant, went critical on Saturday, and its first indigenous aircraft carrier, the Vikrant, was formally unveiled today. It's long been assumed that one of the primary tasks of the rapidly-modernizing service and its expanding fleet is to apply pressure to China's Sea Lanes of Communication (SLOCs) in the event of conflict.
The Economist suggested a few months ago that "India’s naval advantage might allow it, for example, to impede oil traffic heading for China through the Malacca Strait." David Scott's recent article in the Journal of Strategic Studies, argues that: "In the case of the Malacca Strait … India [has] the ability to block (China’s so-called ‘Malacca Dilemma’) easy Chinese access to the Indian Ocean." Ajai Shukla, a well-informed defense journalist, writes that "analysts agree that the Indian Navy … can shut down the Indian Ocean shipping lanes whenever it chooses," and quotes a retired fleet commander as saying that "a couple of submarines and a fighter squadron at Car Nicobar could easily enforce a declared blockade." India's first official naval doctrine, in 2004, itself boasted that "control of the choke points could be used as a bargaining chip in the international power game."
Raja Menon, a retired Rear Admiral and prominent advocate of seapower in Indian strategic debates, built on these assumptions in a recent op-ed in the Hindu, criticizing the government's decision to invest substantially in raising a new Indian Army strike corps intended for the Chinese border:
Most of all, we appear not to have assessed the Chinese weakness and strengths. Their strength is the huge logistic network that they have built up in Tibet. By creating a one axis strike corps, we have played into their strengths. The Chinese weakness lies in the Indian Ocean, a fact that even Beijing will readily concede. The clash between their political system and economic prosperity requires resources and, increasingly, the Chinese resource pool is Africa, which generates massive sea lines of communication (SLOC) through the Indian Ocean. Today, they are merely SLOCs; tomorrow they will be the Chinese Jugular. Beijing’s paranoia about the Indian Ocean is therefore understandable but the threat according to its strategic commentators comes only from the U.S. Sixty thousand crore [around $10bn] spent on strengthening the Indian Navy’s SLOC interdiction capability would have given us a stranglehold on the Chinese routes through the Indian Ocean. The Himalayan border, the entire border, could have been held hostage by our strength in the Indian Ocean with an investment of Rs.60,000 crore.
Menon’s take is a familiar one. But what is interesting is the scale of pushback against this argument. Zorawar Daulet Singh countered in the Hindu:
While conceptually intuitive, the linkage requires equivalence: Beijing must value the integrity of its SLOCs enough to change its calculus on the mountains. Naval blockades are also complicated operations. The time horizon for success to the point that China would find its resource security threatened would be significantly longer than a swift and limited, continental operation whether pursued for punitive reasons or to change the Line of Actual Control. China’s growing, strategic petroleum reserve, though intended to offset market disruptions, will also be an asset in such a scenario. Further, China’s pursuit of new Eurasian lines of communication, both with growing energy linkages with Russia and connectivity through Central Asia, indicate a potential, declining dependence on Indian Ocean SLOCs at least for some strategic resources. Plainly put, a core interest cannot be secured by peripheral, horizontal escalation.
Bharat Karnad made some similar points in the New India Express:
[A]s empirical evidence shows, a maritime strategy can overcome only island nations (such as Japan in World War II) but by itself can at most seriously discomfit, not stifle, major land powers enjoying interior lines of communications [...]
In a “limited war” launched by PLA, sinking a few Chinese warships found east of the Malacca Strait, or sinking or capturing Chinese merchantmen on the high seas is surely not enough recompense for loss of valuable territory in Arunachal Pradesh and elsewhere along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), and from which the Chinese forces are unlikely to withdraw as they did in 1962. So, the status quo ante will not be restored on land as it will be on the seas.&
Karnad also doubts that India’s navy “of 50-odd capital ships by 2030” will be enough to impose a complete blockade on China, and raises the important issue that blockades take much longer to achieve their aim than ground operations:
Indeed, the Chinese could well achieve their limited war aims before many Chinese naval ships and merchant marine can be found and sunk, and the Chinese economy impacted. [...] Thirdly, unlike India, China has built up strategic reserves these will last longer than the limited war will endure and before India’s maritime counter can have effect.
Nitin Gokhale concurs, adding:
SLOCs are not an exclusive preserve of either India or China and the international community is therefore bound to intervene to keep the passage free to enable trade and commerce to function normally. A selective blockade of China-centric sea traffic is realistically difficult to implement even if on paper the prospect looks alluring.
This debate is interesting for a few reasons.
First, it represents a quieter echo of a U.S. debate over the feasibility of blockading China. Despite growing interaction between the U.S. and Indian navies, and India’s growing interest in broader Asia-focused debates over China, India still views this question firmly in unilateral terms. The scenarios discussed are usually bilateral disputes between China and India, and envision India acting unilaterally in imposing the hypothetical blockade.
Second, Indian assessments of the country's maritime strength will be important factors in shaping Indian crisis behavior, particularly as the border dispute flares up once more. Whether or not India believes it possesses this degree of naval leverage might affect whether it feels able to escalate a future crisis on the border.
What's particularly important about this round of the debate is that the specific question of distinguishing Chinese shipping from other international shipping is getting some attention – a practical question that usually is ignored in discussions of the Indian Navy's coercive missions, resulting in the ease of a "blockade" being overstated.
Third, the debate has implications for interservice resource allocation, with the Navy recently losing out to its rival services. In the
defense budget, the Navy's share of total defense spending fell by the most, and the Navy comprises the smallest share of the budget (18 percent – versus 28 percent for the Indian Air Force and 49 percent for the Indian Army).
Moreover, a recent report by India's Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) found that the Indian Navy only has "61, 44 and 20 percent respectively of the frigates, destroyers and corvettes that it has projected as its minimum requirement." The debate over whether China is more vulnerable on land or sea has a bearing on how India's resources are spent in the future and whether those shortfalls in boat (and especially submarine) numbers are rectified over the longer-term.
Fourth, and finally, the debate over how to respond to China is valuable because, in being sparked by the decision to raise a mountain corps, it has been couched as a trade-off, and therefore brings the question of priorities to the forefront.
Tradeoffs and priorities lie at the heart of strategy, and it is beneficial for India – a country long criticized for a lack of strategic thinking - that it should be forced to think about the question of military modernization as a series of choices across all dimensions of power, including land, sea, and air, rather than a series of decisions to be made in isolation from one another.
India was able to throw money at the problem in its period of plenty, but it now faces growth rates much lower than those of the 2000s with little prospect of a swift return to the boom days. The debate between navalists, contintentalists, and others is an important bellwether of how India’s military maturation might progress.&&
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