英语阅读理解题型破解
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　　英语阅读理解题型破解
　　一般来说，常见的高考阅读题型有：细节题、词汇题、主旨题、推理题、结构题。
　　一、细节题细节，一般是对某一具体的人或事的详细描述或说明。而细节题则是针对细节提问，考查学生的跳读能力、对文章相关内容的理解并进行综合判断及推理分析的能力。细节题在高考阅读中比重最高，也是学生犯错频率最高的题型。解细节题时，运用三步定位法能一定程度上提高正确率。所谓&三步定位法&是指解题时，我们先通过题干信息来选择定位词，一般多通过题干中的名词、动词、数词来进行。选好定位词后，返回原文，查找这个词是在文中哪句话中出现的。题目的答案一般就包含在这句话中。
　　例如：2006年高考英语全国卷2阅读理解B篇(见本期赠卷) 47. In which year did the former first lady Jacqueline die? A. 1934 B. 1960 C. 1964 D. 1994
　　【分析】本题根据题干中的专有名词Jacqueline，马上将信息定位到了文章第4段。继续读这段，会发现May 19. 1994这天发生的重大事情正是Jacqueline died，很显然答案为1994，选D。(这篇阅读理解的其他几个题目基本都是细节题，建议大家不妨用定位法练习一下) 二、词汇题在阅读中遇到的词汇都可分为&生词&和&熟词&。在高考英语阅读中，&生词&，也就是常说的&超纲词汇&，一般文章会通过下定义、类比、举例等方式对其进行解释，答案就在在&生词&附近的句子中。&熟词&主要是大纲要求的词汇，值得强调的是代词，指带上文提及的特定内容。对于&熟词&类词汇题，可以根据文章上下文内容确定，而且答案一般也在该词附近。
　　例如：2001年高考英语全国卷阅读理解A篇Shanghai: Car rentals(出租)are becoming more and more popular as an inexpensive way of taking to roads. Business people, foreign and families alike are making good use of the growing industry. The first car rental firm opened in Shanghai in 1992 and now 12 car rental players are in the game, with more than 11,500 cars in their books. The largest player-Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Rental Center offers a wide variety of choices&deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches. Santana sedans are the big favorite. &. 56. The words&deluxe sedans,&&minivans&and&station wagons&used in the text refer to _________. A. cars in the making B. car rental firms C. cars for rent D. car makers
　　【分析】该题属于&生词&类词汇题，直接通过定位在第3段找到&生词&。发现这三个词是用来解释前面说到的&choices&，而根据&Bashi Tourism Car Rental Center offers a wide variety of choices&，可以很容易得出正确答案C。
　　三、主旨题主旨题是阅读理解中最常见的题型之一，每年高考英语试卷中都会出现3～4题(即6～8分)，考查学生对整篇文章的把握情况。解答这类题可以运用如下方法：
　　1、抓主题句主题句表达文章中心思想，在文章中通常位于第一段首句、第一段末句和全文末句等处，阅读时要特别注意。
　　2、抓文章逻辑结构文章主题出现的位置对应于文章逻辑结构中的一个部分，而在高考阅读中以&总-分-总&结构类型题居多。所以重读文章首、尾两段以及每段首句，对把握文章结构和主旨理解有很大帮助。
　　例如：2002年高考英语北京卷阅读理解E篇Since 1989, Dave Thomas, who died at age 69, was one of the most recognizable faces on TV. He appeared in more than 800 commercials for the hamburger chain named for his daughter.&As long as it works,&he said in 1991,&I&ll continue do those commercials.&&. &The Dave you saw on TV was the real Dave,&says friend Pat Williams.&He wasn&t a great actor or a great speaker. He was just Joe Everybody.&71. What is the article mainly about? A. The life of Dave Thomas. B. The dream of Dave Thomas. C. The schooling of Dave Thomas. D. The growth of Dave Thomas&s business.
　　【分析】本题是典型的主旨题，通过首段介绍Dave Thomas的商业发展，很多同学都误选了D项。但读完文章尾段后，再和首段对应，不难发现文章评论得更多还是Dave Thomas这个人，而不是他的商业经营，所以正确答案是A
　　四、结构题最近两年，结构题频繁在各地高考英语阅读理解题中出现，已经成为了一种独立的题型。这种题型源于TOEFL阅读的结构题，就其考查内容的不同，可分为两种：考查考生对整个文章结构的把握;考查考生根据现有文章预测后文内容的能力。解第一种类型的，一般可通过仔细阅读文章首尾两个段落以及中间各段落的首句或尾句，根据其内在逻辑关系及内容来进行判断。而解第二种类型的结构题，则在以上的基础上，需要重点依据尾段内容(特别是尾段最后一句话)做出判断。
　　例如：2005年高考英语江苏卷阅读理解The twentieth century saw greater changes than any century before: changes for the better, c changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger. Many things caused the changes, but, in my opinion, the most important was the progress in science. Scientific research in physics and biology has vastly broadened our views. It has given us a deeper knowledge of the structure of matter it has brought us a better understandings of the nature of life and of its continuous development. Technology&the application of science&has made big advances that have benefited us in nearly every part of life. The continuation of such activities in the twenty-first century will result in even greater advantages to human beings: in pure science&a wider and deeper knowledge in a in applied science&a more reasonable sharing of material benefits, and better protection of the environment. Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed in doing damage to mankind. The application of science and technology to the development and production of weapons of mass destruction has created a real danger to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons, Although their actual use has so far occurred only in the Second World War, the umber of nuclear weapons that were produced and made ready for use was so large that if the weapons had actually been used, the result could have been the ruin of the human race, as well as f many kinds of animals. William Shakespeare said, &The web of our life is of a mingled yarn (纱线), good and ill together.'&The above brief review of the application of only one part of human activities&science seems to prove what Shakespeare said. But does it have to be so? Must the ill always go together with the good? Are we biologically programmed for war? 72. Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage? A. B. C. D.
　　【分析】该题为结构题的第一种类型。针对该题，在文章首段的最后一句话，通过转折词but找到主题，第2段、第3段的主题句都出现了段尾，都讲了科技带来的benefit，从正面印证了主题。而第4段首句的sadly和however，表明文章转入另外一个方面的论证，而且是反面的的论证。接下来的全文尾段用Shakespeare的话再次总结主题。根据这个分析，可以很容易地看出这篇文章的整体结构是&总-分-总&式，在&分&的部分有分为正、反两方面，选A。
　　例如：2006年高考英语重庆卷阅读理解E篇The flag, the most common symbol(象征) of a nation in the modern world, is also one of the most ancient. With a clear symbolic meaning, the flag in the traditional form is still used today to mark buildings, ships and other vehicles related to a country. The national flag as we know it today is in no way a primitive(原始的)artifact. It is, rather, the product of thousands of years' development. Historians believe that it had two major ancestors, of which the earlier served to show wind direction. &. These flags developed very slowly into modern flags. The first known flag of a nation or a ruler was unmarked: The king of China around 1000 B.C. was known to have a white flag carried ahead of him. This practice might have been learned from Egyptians even further in the past, but it was from China that it spread over trade routes through India, then across Arab lands, and finally to Europe, where it met up with the other ancestor of the national flag. 75. What will the author most probably talk about next?
　　A. The role of China in the spread of the national flag.
　　B. The second ancestor of the national flag.
　　C. The use of modern flags in Europe.
　　D. The importance of modern flags.
　　【分析】本题属于结构题中的预测后文类型。文章首段很明显是对&flag&做了一个整体介绍，而从第2段开始推出文章要介绍的主要内容&national flag&，同时，根据第2段尾句可知national flag有两个ancestors。再结合尾段内容，特别是尾段最后一句&where it met up with the other ancestor of the national flag&，很容易推测出作者即将要讲到的内容，另外一种ancestor。所以选B。
　　五、推理题推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，但做题时，都要以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。所以，推理题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息一步推理得出的答案，即对原文某一句话或某几句话所作的同义改写(paraphrase)或综合。具体在解题时就是：根据题干中的关键词或选项中的线索找到原文的相关句，读懂原句后，对照选项进行比较，其中对相关原句进行同义改写或综合概括的一项即为正确答案。
　　针对推理题的不同形式，可以采取以下做法：
　　1、假如题干中有具体线索，根据具体线索找到原文相关句(一句或多句)，然后做出推理;
　　2、假如题干中无线索，如题干为&It can be inferred/concluded from the passage that ______&等，先快速浏览一下4个选项，根据常识等排除不太可能的选项，然后在剩余的选项中找到关键词，回到原文寻找其相关句并做出推理;
　　3、如果一篇文章中其他题都未涉及文章主旨，那么推理题，如infer、conclude题型，可能与文章主旨有关，考生应该定位到文章主题所在位置(如主题句出现处);假如其他题已经涉及文章主旨，那么要求推断出来的内容可能与段落主题有关，则此时应找段落主题所在处;如果不与段落主题有关，有时与全文或段落的重要结论有关，则需要寻找与这些结论相关的文中原句。
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高考英语阅读理解题解题技巧
作者：高中英语 贺楠&&来源：北京新东方学校&&时间：
　　对阅读理解能力的测试是考试中必不可少的测试项目，主要考查学生对于不同体裁或不同题材语言材料的理解能力，以及通过材料的阅读，对材料中信息的捕获能力。英语阅读理解题的难度在不断增大，考生们也大多知难而进，下面，北京新东方中小学一对一贺楠老师与大家分享解题技巧。
　　一、四选一型阅读
　　高考阅读不同文体按照题型分类主要分为五大类：细节题、推理题、主旨大意题、词义句意猜测题、结构顺序题。
　　1、细节题解题技巧
　　细节题，顾名思义，就是指针对文章的某个细节而设置的试题。细节题的命题方法很多，如可能是对某个细节用同义结构转换后进行考查、也可能是将文章中的几个细节（通常是四个）放在一起要求考生判断是非（选出正确的一项或选出错误的一项）或对几个细节进行排序等。解答这类试题时，一个常用的方法就是运用定位法，即根据题干或选项中的线索词从原文中找到相关的句子，与选项进行比较从而确定答案（此时要特别注意一些常见的同义转换）。
　　现在围绕上述的定位理论，引申出几个小的技巧：
　　（1） 关键信息定位法。这个主要是细节题，如涉及到数字（日期、时间、价格等），就可以在文章中快速圈出数字，再找出目标数字及相对应的细节作息，还有人物姓名、地点名词等等，其他的还包括一些提示情节发展，或条纲性关键字眼，如First， Next， Finally等等。
　　As a young girl growing up in the 1930s， I always wanted to fly a plane， but back then it was almost unheard of for a woman to do that. I got a taste of that dream in 2011，when my husband arranged for me to ride in a hot air balloon for my birthday. （2011年高考英语北京A篇）
　　What happened to the author in 2011？
　　A. She flew an airplane
　　B. She entered a competition
　　C. She went on a hot air balloon ride
　　D. She moved into a retirement community
　　解析：此题属典型细节题，通过题干中的时间in 2011不难定位到文中粗体字部分，很容易可以锁定正解为C。
　　（2） 同义定位法。英文中可以用Paraphrase表示。同义定位就是指问题所用的关键词和文中的不一致，但属于同义性质，同义转换其实是在关键间的基础上拐了个弯。
　　He longs for conversations with an editor who will help him turn his good ideas into great ones. He wants someone to get excited about what he's doing and to help him turn his story idea upside down and inside out， exploring the best ways to report it. He wants to be more valuable for your paper. （2010年高考英语北京B篇）
　　What does the reporter want most from his editors in their talks？
　　A. Finding the news value of his stories.
　　B. Giving him financial support.
　　C. Helping him to find issues.
　　D. Improving his good ideas.
　　解析：此题属细节题，定位方式为同义定位法。题干中的talks和文章中conversations对应，而want most和longs for对应，这样不难得出答案为D。
　　小结：在阅读中，精准快速的定位加上正确的理解力才能保证做题的量与质。定位法是需要在做题的过程中有意识的培养的，做题的技巧也是可以总结的，关键是要自觉培养这种分析归纳和总结的意识以及能力。
　　2、推理题解题技巧
　　推断题定义：在理解原文字面意思的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，做出一定的判断和推理，从而得到文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程。
　　出现特征：在考题中经常出现的词有infer， imply， indicate， conclude， learn from， probably， most likely， prove /according to等。
　　She turned up at the doorstep of my house in Cornwall. No way could I have sent her away. No way， not me anyway. Maybe someone had kicked her out of their car the night before. “We're moving house.'； “No space for her any more with the baby coming.” “We never really wanted her， but what could we have done？ She was a present.” People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. And she was one of the most beautiful dogs I had ever seen.
　　How did the author feel about Goldie when Goldie came to the house？ （2010年高考英语北京A篇）
　　A. Shocked.&B. Sympathetic.&C. Annoyed.&D. Upset.
　　解析：由题目得知：是考察作者的态度题。首先定位到文章作者的话语和行为，即
　　（1） No way could I have sent her away. No way， not me anyway.
　　（2） We never really wanted her， but what could we have done？ She was a present.“
　　（3） People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. And she was one of the most beautiful dogs I had ever seen.
　　可知作者对它是正的情感，排除C，D.再由作者对它的不舍，答案选B
　　3、主旨大意题解题技巧
　　Topic/Title型-使用逆推法
　　（1） 要在阅读原文基础上，仔细考虑选项是否与文章主题有密切联系
　　（2） 再看选项对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何
　　（3） 要注意题目是否过大或者过小
　　（4） 要避免下列三种错误
　　概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，导致范围过小）
　　过度概括（多表现为扩大范围）
　　以事实、细节代替抽象概括的大意。
　　Federal regulators Wednesday approved a plan to create a nationwide emergency alert （警报） system using text messages delivered to cell phones.
　　Text messages have been popular in recent years， particularly among young people. The wireless industry's trade association， CTIA， estimates（估计） more than 48 billion text messages are sent each month.
　　The plan comes from the Warning Alert and Response Network Act， a 2006 federal law that requires improvements to the nation's emergency alert system. The act tasked the Federal Communications Commission （FCC） with coming up with new ways to alert the public about emergencies.
　　“The ability to deliver accurate and timely warnings and alerts through cell phones and other mobile services is an important next step in our efforts to help ensure that the American public has the information they need to take action to protect themselves and their families before， and during， disasters and other emergencies，” FCC Chairman Kevin Martin said， following approval of the plan.
　　Participation in the alert system by carriers -telecommunications companies is voluntary， but it has received support from the wireless industry.
　　The program would be optional for cell phone users. They also may not be charged for receiving alerts.
　　There would be three different types of messages， according to the rules.
　　The first would be a national alert from the president， likely involving a natural disaster. The second would involve “approaching threats”， which could include natural disasters like hurricanes or storms or even university shootings. The third would be for child abduction （绑架） emergencies， or so-called Amber Alerts.
　　The service could be in place by 2010.（ 2008年高考英语山东卷B篇）
　　66. Which of the following would be the best title for the text？
　　A. Cell Phone Alerts Protecting Students
　　B. Cell Phone Alerts by Wireless Industry
　　C. Cell Phone Alerts of National Disasters
　　D. Cell Phone Alerts Coming Soon
　　解析：D。主旨大意题。第一段开门见山，提出将创建一个全国性的短信警报系统；最后一段重申主题，对这种新系统的未来进行展望。因此最准确的标题是D。A项错在protecting students；B项错在by wireless industry；C项错在National Disasters。
　　4、词义句意题解题技巧
　　要求考生通过阅读上下文，结合中学生应有的赏识来推测尚不熟悉的词或者词组的意思。出现特征：划线或者引号
　　解题方法之一：根据上下文，往往是本句中的同位关系进行猜测。
　　Weeks later， standing before this unfriendly mass， I was totally lost. Oh well， I lowered the paper and sat down at my desk， burning to find out what I had done wrong. As a classmate began his report， it all became clear， “My report is on George Washington， the man who started the American Revolution.” The whole world became quite！ How could I know that she meant that George Washington？
　　62. The underlined word “burning” in Para. 3 probably means _______.（2012年北京，B篇，62，答案D）
　　A. annoyed&B. ashamed&C. ready&D. eager
　　解析：从burning这个词来说，意为“发热的，强烈的，燃烧的”，后面紧跟动词词组“find out”说明在寻找时刻的心情是很紧张和急迫的，最后是一个宾语从句，是我曾经做错过什么，那么这个题目显然就是选择和“渴望的，热切的”词义，显然为D选项。
　　5、结构顺序题解题技巧
　　常见提问方式：
　　How is the passage organized？
　　Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage？
　　The author develops the passage mainly by….
　　解题思路：
　　（1） 注意主题段。主题段通常在文章的开头，简要概括文章的中心思想，
　　（2） 找出或者总结每段的主题句。主题句可能在段落的开头，也可能出现在段落的中间或末尾。如何确定主题句的方法见主旨题之main idea型。
　　（3） 最后根据每段主题确定段与段之间的结构关系，承上启下，使文章行文连贯，逻辑严密。为突出主题，作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章，通过举例、比较、类比等手法来透彻阐明主题观点。
　　The Diet Zone： A Dangerous Place
　　Diet Coke， diet Pepsi， diet pills， no-fat diet， vegetable diet… We are surrounded by the word “diet” everywhere we look and listen. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet products that we have stopped thinking about what diet products are doing to us. We are paying for products that harm us psychologically and physically（身体上）.
　　Diet products significantly weaken us psychologically. On one level， we are not allowing our brain to admit that our weight problems lie not in actually losing the weight， but in controlling the consumption of fatty， high-calorie， unhealthy foods. Diet products allow us to jump over the thinking stage and go straight for the scale（秤）instead. All we have to do is to swallow or recognize the word “diet” in food labels.
　　On another level， diet products have greater psychological effects. Every time we have a zero-calorie drink， we are telling ourselves without our awareness that we don't have to work to get results. Diet products make people believe that gain comes without pain， and that life can be without resistance and struggle.
　　The danger of diet products lies not only in the psychological effects they have on us， but also in the physical harm that they cause. Diet foods can indirectly harm our bodies because consuming them instead of healthy foods means we are preventing our bodies from having basic nutrients（营养成分）. Diet foods and diet pills contain zero calories only because the diet industry has created chemicals to produce these wonder products. Diet products may not be nutritional， and the chemical that go into diet products are potentially dangerous.
　　Now that we are aware of the effects that diet products have on us， it is time to seriously think about buying them. Losing weight lies in the power of minds， not in the power of chemicals. Once we realize this， we will be much better able to resist diet products， and therefore prevent the psychological harm that comes from using them. （2008高考英语北京卷E篇）
　　75. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage？
　　解析：文章第一段点明节食产品在误导人们；第二段说明节食产品对人们心理上的影响；第三段说明节食产品误导人们认为不费劲就可以减肥，即对人们身体上的危害；第四段说明节食产品的危害；第五段说明人们应该慎重对待节食产品，故从文章结构上看应该是B项正确。
　　二、七选五型阅读
　　考生需要在语篇信息存在缺失的情况下，准确理解整篇文章，特别是设题部位前后句的逻辑关系，通过上下文的线索进行判断，预测下文，然后做出正确判断。
　　命题分析：我们如果把整篇文章看成一个信息群，这个信息群实际上是由两大信息版块构成的：
　　已知信息：原文在五处空缺之外的没有被挖掉的信息
　　待选信息：七个待选选项中的信息
　　这两个信息板块间绝不是孤立的，而是有紧密的互动逻辑关系，连起来是一篇完整的文章。
　　考试题型对学生的考察能力来看无外乎两个方面：
　　（1） 把握整篇文章的布局和逻辑层次关系
　　（2） 把握微观信息间关联性（即空格前后句间关系）
　　解题方法：词汇同现、词汇复现、代词妙用、数字线索、逻辑线索。
　　The next time you go into a bank， a store， or a supermarket， stop and listen. What do you hear？ _____ （71） It's similar to the music you listen to， but it's not exactly the same. That's because this music was especially designed to relax you， or to give you extra energy. Sometimes you don't even realize the music is playing， but you react to the music anyway.
　　Quiet background music used to be called “elevator （电梯） music” because we often heard it in elevators. But lately we hear it in more and more places， and it has a new name “Muzak”. About one-third of the people in America listen to “Muzak” everyday. The music plays for 15 minutes at a time， with short pauses in between. It is always more lively between ten and eleven in the morning， and between three and four in the afternoon， when people are more tired.______ （72）
　　If you listen to Muzak carefully， you will probably recognize the names of many of the songs. Some musicians or songwriters don't want their songs to be used as Muzak， but others are happy when their songs are chosen. Why？ _____ （73）
　　Music is often played in public places because it is designed to make people feel less lonely when they are in an airport or a hotel. It has been proven that Muzak does what it is designed to do. Tired office workers suddenly have more energy when they hear the pleasant sound of Muzak in the background. _____ （74）Supermarket shoppers buy 38 percent more groceries.
　　_____ （75）They say it's boring to hear the same songs all the time. But other people enjoy hearing Muzak in public places. They say it helps them relax and feel calm. One way or another， Muzak affects everyone. Some farmers even say their cows give more milk when they hear Muzak！（& 2010年高考英语北京卷）
　　A. Some people don't like Muzak.
　　B. The music gives them extra energy.
　　C. Music is playing in the background.
　　D. Factory workers produce 13 percent more.
　　E. Muzak tends to help people understand music better.
　　F. They ge t as much as $4 million a year if their songs are used.
　　G. Muzak is played in most of the big supermarkets in the world.
　　答案：CBFDA
　　代词妙用：代词指代前面提到的thing， 所以只要找到与代词含义一致的词就可搞定。
　　71空格后面出现“It's similar to the music you listen to，”那么我们只要分析出其中的“it”的具体指代即可，通过题目及略读下文，我们很容易知道该文介绍一种音乐，而且第一段故作悬念，一直未给出其名字，所以我们只要找到选项中包含音乐一词而没有点名缪扎克一词的即可，很容易锁定BC选项，因为B项意义与下文相去甚远，故舍B取C没商量。
　　75空格后出现“They say it's boring to hear the same songs all the time.”，同理，我们就要确定“they”的具体指代，首先由于“say”的出现，我们锁定“they”为人的复数，所以轻松锁定ADF，所谓真金不怕火来炼，D显然逻辑不通，F由于其主语也为人，段落第一句永远不会出现意思不明的代词（we， you 除外，因为它们可以明确指代广义的人），故轻松排除F选出真金A。
　　72此题虽然不是明显的后文出现代词，但其前亦有代词出现，“It is always more lively between ten and eleven in the morning，”下文承接上文，肯定有联系，找出“it”的具体指代-the music， 轻松选出B项。（注：也可应用词汇复现法）
　　词汇复现法：情非得已时选择的一种方法，知道与前后文中有词汇重复的选项即可，有时也可指含义一致的词汇，如72
　　73前文中“but others are happy when their songs are chosen”有“their songs”， F项亦有相同词汇出现，放进去，意思通晓明白，搞定。
　　74后文中“Supermarket shoppers buy 38 percent more groceries.有”percent more“，D项亦有相同词汇出现，且意思连贯，选出即可。
　　72题中前句中出现”when people are more tired. “能够与”tired“相对应的四选项中只有”energy“，累了对应能量，亦可做出此题。
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