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本人因写东西需要,主要只想知道怎么运行软件和看结果,但是运行之后是这样的。出不来结果是怎么回事呢? 另外还想问下,dmu个数一定要是输入输出个数和的两倍以上吗?这是我第一次输入的数据和运行结果,是我运行的问题还是数据的问题?怎么投入和冗余全是0呢。
创维OLED-S9D
想请问楼主有没有出现deap闪退的情况啊,这个该怎么解决啊,写毕业论文用啊
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你可能喜欢arguedthatboththeFarrell;inputslackswillbeequalto;DEA的非参数前沿分段线性形式会产生效率测度的一;数据5;效率测度和投入松弛变量;EfficiencyMeasurementand;InFigure5theinputslackas;Koopman?s(1951)的技术效率的定义比;second-stageli
argued that both the Farrell measure of technical efficiency(θ)and any non-zero input or output slacks should be reported to provide an accurate indication of technical efficiency of a DMU in a DEA analysis.12 Note that for the i-th DMU the output slacks will be equal to zero only if Yλ-yi=0, while the
input slacks will be equal to zero only if θxi-Xλ=0(for the given optimal values of θ and λ).
DEA的非参数前沿分段线性形式会产生效率测度的一些不同的地方。问题的产生是因为分段前沿函数的与坐标轴平行的部分。(参考数据2)这在大多数的参数模型里面是不存在的(参考数据1)。为了阐述这一问题,参考数据5,其中DMU的投入包括C和D是两个有效率的DMU,他代表了前沿。DMU的A和B是无效率的DMU。根据Farrell(1957)的技术效率测度, DMU
A和B的技术效率分别为OA?/OA and OB?/OB。然而,问题是A?点是否是效率点呢。因为我们可以在得到同样产出的情况下减少投入的数量x2,(通过CA?)。这在文献里称做投入松弛变量。当我们考虑更多投入和更多产出的情况时,图示就不再简单了,并且相关的概念产出松弛也是可能发生的。因此,在DEA的分析中,提供Farrell的技术效率测度(θ)和非零的投入或产出松弛变量,以此来提供准确的DMU的技术效率指标,这件事是值得争论的。注意,对于第i个DMU的产出松弛变量仅仅当Yλ-yi=0的时候才等于0,投入松弛变量也仅仅当θxi-Xλ=0的时候才等于0。(对于给定的θ和λ)。
效率测度和投入松弛变量
Efficiency Measurement and Input Slacks
In Figure 5 the input slack associated with the point A′is CA′of input x2. In cases when there are more inputs and outputs than considered in this simple example,the identification of the “nearest” efficient frontier point (such as C), and hence the subsequent calculation of slacks, is not a trivial task. Some authors (see Ali and Seiford 1993) have suggested the solution of a 12 Koopman?s(1951)definition of technical efficiency was stricter than the Farrell(1957)definition. The former is equivalent to stating that a firm is only technically efficient if it operates on the frontier and furthermore that all associated slacks are zero.
Koopman?s(1951)的技术效率的定义比 Farrell(1957)的定义要严格。前者等价于说公司如果在效率前沿运行,那么他仅仅是技术有效的,进一步所有的相关的松弛变量都是0。
second-stage linear programming problem to move to an efficient frontier point by MAXIMISING the sum of slacks required to move from an inefficient frontier point(such as A′in Figure 5)to an efficient frontier point(such as point
C). This second stage linear programming problem may be defined by: 在数据5中,与A?点相关的投入松弛变量就是投入x2的CA?。当比简单的例子里面有更多的投入和产出的时候,我们就可以发现更近的效率前沿点(比如C点)然后,接下来的松弛变量的计算就不是没有意义的。一些作者建议用两阶段线性规划的方法去移动效率前沿点,通过最大化需要的松弛变量的总和,把无效的的前沿点(比如数据5的A?点)移动到有效率的点(如C点)。两阶段线性规划问题可以如下定义:
minλ,OS,IS-(M1?OS+K1?IS),
-yi+Yλ-OS=0,
θxi-Xλ-IS=0,
λ≥0,OS≥0,IS≥0,
where OS is an M×1 vector of output slacks,IS is a K×1 vector of input slacks, and M1 and K1 are M×1 and K×1 vectors of ones,respectively. Note that in this second-stage linear program,θ is not a variable,its value is taken from the
first-stage results. Furthermore,note that this second-stage linear program must also be solved for each of the N DMU?s involved.13
其中OS是M×1的产出松弛变量矩阵,IS是K×1的投入松弛变量矩阵,M1和K1分别是他们的M×1和 K×1 的矩阵。注意,在两阶段线性规划中,θ不是变量,他的取值来于第一阶段。更进一步,我们要注意两阶段线性规划的问题对于N个DMU来说每个都要解决。
There are two major problems associated with this second stage LP.The first and most obvious problem is that the sum of slacks is MAXIMISED rather than MINIMISED. Hence it will identify not the NEAREST efficient point but the
FURTHEST efficient point.The second major problem associated with the above second-stage approach is that it is not invariant to units of measurement. The alteration of the units of measurement,say for a fertiliser input from kilograms to tonnes(while leaving other units of measurement unchanged),could result in the identification of different efficient boundary points and hence different slack and lambda measures.14
有两个主要问题是关于两阶段线性规划的。第一个也是最显而易见的是松弛变量的总和是最大化而不是最小化。因此,我们找到的不是最近的效率点而是最远的13 This method is used by all the popular DEA software such as Warwick DEA and IDEAS. 这个方法被所有的流行的DEA软件所使用,比如Warwick DEA 和 IDEAS。
14 Charnes,Cooper,Rousseau and Semple(1987)suggest a units invariant model where the unit worth of a slack is made inversely proportional to the quantity of that input or output used by the i-th firm. This does solve the immediate problem,but does create another,in that there is no obvious reason for the slacks to be weighted in this way.
Charnes,Cooper,Rousseau 和Semple(1987)设计了一个单位不变的模型,在这个模型里松弛变量的单位价值和第i个公司的使用的投入或者产出的数量成反比。这能解决直接问题,但是由创造了另一个问题,因为这种方法没有足够的理由计算松弛变量的权重。
效率点。第二个关于两阶段方法的主要问题是对于计量单位来说他不是不变的。计量单位的改变,比如说更多的投入,从千克到吨(在其他计量单位不变的前提下),可以导致发现不同的效率前沿点和不同的松弛变量和更多的测度方法。
Note,however,that these two issues are not a problem in the simple example presented in Figure 5 because there is only one efficient point to choose from on the vertical facet. However, if slack occurs in 2 or more dimensions (which it often does) then the above mentioned problems can come into play.
然而,我们也要注意,在数据5中的简单的例子里有两点并不是问题所在。因为在垂直面上仅有一个效率点。然而,如果松弛变量发生在两个或者更多维的结构中(这是经常发生的)上述问题就会发生了。
As a result of this problem,many studies simply solve the first-stage linear
program (equation 12)for the values of the Farrell radial technical efficiency measures(θ)for each DMU and ignore the slacks completely,or they report both the radial Farrell technical efficiency score(θ)and the residual slacks, which may be calculated as OS=-yi+Yλ
IS=θxi-Xλ. However,this
approach is not without problems either because these residual slacks may not always provide all (Koopmans) slacks (e.g.,when a number of observations appear on the vertical section of the frontier in Figure 5.5)and hence may not always identify the nearest(Koopmans)efficient point for each DMU.
这个问题的结果是,许多研究仅仅解决第一阶段的线性规划问题(等式12),从而得到Farrell的每个DMU的辐射的技术效率值(θ)。并且完全忽略松弛变量,或者他们记录辐射的Farrell的技术效率值(θ)和残余松弛变量,这个变量是这样计算的OS=-yi+Yλ
IS=θxi-Xλ. 然而,这个方法并非能解决所有的问题,可能是因为残余松弛变量不一定提供所有的松弛(Koopmans)变量(例如,数据5.5中有一些观测点在前沿的垂直面部分上时),或者是可能不总是能找出每个DMU的最近的效率点。
In the DEAP software we give the user three choices regarding the treatment of slacks.
在DEAP软件中,我们关于松弛变量给使用者三种选择。
These are:
1.One-stage DEA,in which we conduct the LP in equation 12 and
2.Two-stage DEA,where we conduct the LP?s in equations 12 and 13;and
3.Multi-stage DEA,where we conduct a sequence of radial LP?s to identify the efficient projected point.
1.一阶段DEA,我们在等式12构造线性规划模型并计算松弛变量残值。
2.两阶段DEA,我们用等式12和13构造线性规划模型。
3.多阶段DEA,我们构造一系列的辐射的线性规划模型以此来识别有效预测点。
The multi-stage DEA method is more computationally demanding that the other two methods(see Coelli 1997 for details). However,the benefits of the
approach are that it identifies efficient projected points which have input and output mixes which are as similar as possible to those of the inefficient
points,and that it is also invariant to units of measurement.Hence we would recommend the use of the multi-stage method over the other two
alternatives.
同其他两种方法相比,多阶段DEA方法相比计算复杂。然而,这种方法的优点是他能识别投入和产出混合的效率预测点,这些点与非有效点十分的相似,并且识别出的效率预测点相对于测度单位来说是不变的。因此,同另外两个方法相比我们推举使用多阶段的DEA。
Having devoted a number of pages of this manual to the issue of slacks we would like to conclude by observing that the importance of slacks can be overstated. Slacks may be viewed as being an artefact of the frontier
construction method chosen (DEA)and the use of finite sample sizes. If an
infinite sample size were available and/or if an alternative frontier construction method was used,which involved a smooth function surface,the slack issue would disappear. In addition to this observation it also seems quite reasonable to accept the arguments of Ferrier and Lovell(1990)that slacks may essentially be viewed as allocative inefficiency. Hence we believe that an analysis of technical efficiency can reasonably concentrate upon the radial efficiency score provided in the first stage DEA LP(refer to equation 12). However if one insists on identifying Koopmans-efficient projected points then we would
strongly recommend the use of the multi-stage method in preference to the two-stage method for the reasons outlined above.15
我们在这个指南中说了很多关于松弛变量的问题,现在我们总结出我们也许夸大了松弛变量的作用。松弛变量可以看做是用DEA方法来得到前沿结构和使用有限样本的人工品。如果我们能够得到DEA的无限的样本,或者使用另外一个估计前沿结构的方法,这种方法有一个光滑的结构表面,那么松弛变量的问题就消失了。另外对于这个观察,我们接受Ferrier and Lovell(1990)的观点是合理的。他们认为松弛变量可以看做是配置无效率。因此,我们相信技术效率分析可以合理的集中于在一阶段DEA线性规划(参考等式12)中得到的辐射效率指数。 然而,如果我们坚持想得到Koopmans效率预测点,我们就强力建议使用多阶段的方法而不是两阶段的方法,原因如上所述。
Example 1 例子1
We will illustrate CRS input-orientated DEA using a simple example involving 15 However we have also included the 2-stage option in our software because it is the method used in other popular DEA software packages such as Warwick DEA and IDEAS.
然而,我们的软件也包括了两阶段的选择。因为在其他流行的DEA软件包里面使用,比如Warwick DEA和IDEAS。
five observations on DMU?s(firms)which use two inputs to produce a single output.The data is as follows:
我们用一个包括五个DMU(公司)的简单的例子阐述规模报酬不变投入主导型的数据包络分析。每个DMU都是两投入一产出,数据如下:
规模报酬不变的DEA例子数据
Example Data for CRS DEA
The input/output ratios for this example are plotted in Figure 6,along with the DEA frontier corresponding to equation 12. You should keep in mind, however, that this DEA frontier is the result of running five linear programming
problems-one for each of the five DMU?s. For example, for DMU 3 we could rewrite equation 12 as
这个例子的投入产出比率在数据6中绘出,同时还汇出了DEA的同等式12对应的前沿。我们可以记在心里,然而,这个DEA前沿是对总的5个DMU每个都计算一次线性规划的结果。例如,对于DMU3我们可以这样重新书写等式12.
minθ,λθ,
-y3+(y1λ1+y2λ2+y3λ3+y4λ4+y5λ5)≥0,
θx13-(x11λ1+x12λ2+x13λ3+x14λ4+x15λ5)≥0,
θx23-(x21λ1+x22λ2+x23λ3+x24λ4+x25λ5)≥0,
whereλ=(λ1,λ2,λ3,λ4,λ5)′.
The values of θ and λ which provide a minimum value for θ are listed in row 3 of Table 2. We note that the TEI of DMU 3 is 0.833. That is,DMU 1 should be able to reduce the consumption of all inputs by 16.7% without reducing output. This implies production at the point denoted 3′in Figure 6.This projected point, 3′,lies on a line joining points 2 and 5.DMU 2 and DMU 5 are therefore usually referred to as the peers of DMU 3. They define where the relevant part of the frontier is(i.e.relevant to DMU 3)and hence define efficient production for DMU
3. Point 3′is a linear combination of points 2 and 5,where the weights in this linear combination are the λ? s in row 3 of Table 2.
θ和λ的值在表2第三行中提供了最小的θ值。我们注意到DMU3的技术效率值是0.833。DMU1可以在不减少产出的情况下将投入降低16.7%。这就意味着应该在数据6的3?点生产。这个估计点3?在DMU2和DMU5的连线上,它被认为是点3的对应点。他们定义了前沿相关部分的所在(例如与DMU3相关的)
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