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造成电喷柴油发动机活塞敲缸、活塞环、连杆轴承、曲轴轴承、拉缸响、气门各种不正常的声音原因与解决方法
造成电喷柴油发动机活塞敲缸、活塞环、连杆轴承、曲轴轴承、拉缸响、气门各种不正常的声音原因与解决方法
柴油发动机活塞敲缸会导致柴油发动机燃料消耗过高，窜机油，机油耗量过多，经济性变差。当活塞敲缸严重时，还会打碎活塞，甚至损坏连杆和缸体。活塞敲缸异响发生的部位在柴油发动机气缸的上部，一般发生在活塞做功冲程开始的瞬间。活塞在气缸内摆动或窜动，其头部或裙部与缸盖或缸壁相碰撞 产生异响，其特点是：柴油发动机在怠速运转时，响声类似小锤敲击，是有节奏的“当当”声，明显而清晰。敲击声随柴油发动机温度的变化而变化，低温条件下声音比较明显；温度升高后，响声减弱或消失。当突然加大油门时，就发出“嘎嘎”连续的金属敲击声。如果多缸有敲击，由怠速提高到高速时，声响嘈杂无序。⑴ 原因①柴油发动机活塞与气缸壁配合间隙过大。②柴油发动机气缸体及环的质量较差。加之润滑不良，柴油发动机运行一段时间后，缸体与活塞的磨损严重，使活塞和缸体的间隙增大 ，同时在缸体对应第一道气环略上处出现较严重的台阶，使活塞敲击缸体发出异响声。③柴油发动机活塞裙部与气缸磨损严重，造成失圆而敲缸。④柴油发动机连杆弯曲或扭转变形，使活塞在气缸内偏斜不正，造成不正常磨损，使活塞敲击。⑤柴油发动机活塞销与连杆衬套配合过紧。⑥柴油发动机活塞变形。⑦ 润滑不良。⑵ 诊断与处理方法① 打开加机油口盖，将柴油发动机转速调整在异响声最明显清晰的范围内，观察加机油口处是否冒烟，排气管是否冒蓝烟；用起子抵触在不设气门推杆一侧的缸体上部，如果触处活塞敲击，则可感到类似小锤敲水泥地一样的震动感。② 再逐缸断油，若断到某个缸时，声音明显减小或者消失，而当恢复供油时又能听到敲击声，说明是该缸配缸间隙过大而出现的活塞敲击，应及时修理。③ 如发现可疑缸活塞敲击，可将该缸喷油器卸下来，向气缸内加入少量机油，转动几圈曲轴，再装回喷油器后起动柴油发动机，若敲击声消失或减弱，运转一会儿敲击声再度出现，则可确认是该缸有敲缸。④ 若敲缸声仅发生在冷车运行时，柴油发动机温度正常后声音消失，可以暂不维修，继续使用，等适当时机再行修理。⑤ 若柴油发动机低温时响声清晰，当温度升高后，怠速运转有“嘎嘎”声，并伴有机体抖振，而且温度越高，响声越大，则说明活塞变形或润滑不良，应及时修理。⑥ 因润滑不良而出现的敲缸，还应找出润滑故障原因予以检修。⑦ 拆下气缸盖，抽出活塞检查时，如发现气缸严重失圆、拉伤、连杆变形等应进行换件修理。&柴油发动机活塞环异响活塞环的敲击声是钝哑的“啪啪”声。声响的变化特点是随转速升高而随之增大，并且变成较杂乱的声音。⑴ 原因① 活塞环断裂。② 活塞环槽积炭过多或环的端隙过小。当温度升高后没有膨胀余地，使活塞环卡死在气缸内或环槽内。③ 活塞环与环槽磨损过甚，侧隙、背隙和端隙过大。④ 气缸磨损后，在气缸口上形成凸肩，若修理不规范，活塞上移使活塞环与凸肩相碰，出现异常声音。⑵ 诊断与处理方法① 柴油发动机运行时，打开加机油机口盖观察冒烟情况，再逐缸断油，若发现冒烟减轻或消失，声响也消失者，则说明是活塞环槽磨损过甚，或活塞环断裂，应及时维修。② 若断油试验声响没有变化，而用起子抵触缸盖部位，感觉有明显的振动，则是活塞环碰撞气缸磨损出的凸肩而发出的响声。对此应重新修整气缸，以免活塞环出现断裂。③ 在热车检查时，可从喷油器安装口处注入少量机油，转动曲轴，再装回喷油器试机，若短时间内声响减弱或消失，则是活塞环与气缸壁密封不良。若注入机油后，仍从加机油口处冒烟或更甚，则可确诊为活塞环对口或活塞环卡在环槽内失去弹性，对此应进行维护，彻底清除积炭。柴油发动机活塞销异响柴油发动机在同样转速下，活塞销的响声比活塞敲缸的声音要尖锐清脆连续，且怠速和温度升高后声响混浊不清。⑴ 原因① 活塞销与销座孔配合松旷。② 活塞销与连杆衬套磨损，使间隙过大。③ 机油压力过低，机油飞溅不足，润滑不良引起活塞销严重烧蚀。④ 活塞销卡环脱落，使活塞销自由窜动。⑵ 诊断与处理方法① 柴油发动机由怠速运转升到中速时，抖动油门，声响随之变化，并且每轰一次油门都能听到明显而清脆的连续响声，则可以认为是活塞销响。② 在较高转速下发出的响声比较严重，转速越高响声也越大；在响声最大的转速下进行断油试验，倘若响声不仅未减弱，反而变得杂乱，说明是活塞销与衬套配合松旷。当活塞销响声较明显时，必须进行修理，以免打碎活塞，甚至损坏气缸套、缸盖或缸体。&柴油发动机连杆轴承异响连杆轴承响的特点是当转速和负荷增大时，响声也增大，当突然加速时，连续发出的“当当”的响声尤为明显，但响声不随温度变化。⑴ 原因① 连杆轴承与轴颈磨损严重，或轴承盖螺栓松动，破坏了原来的配合间隙，柴油发动机在作功时受到强大的压力而产生响声。② 柴油发动机超负荷工作时间过长，轴承的工作温度过高而烧蚀合金。③ 连杆轴承与轴颈的配合间隙过小，机油难以进入摩擦表面，或机油不易形成油膜，造成轴颈与轴承干摩擦或半干摩擦而烧毁轴承。④ 连杆轴颈失圆。⑵ 诊断与处理方法① 首先查看机油压力表，若压力过低，而且伴随有“当当……”声，则应进一步检查。② 将加机油口盖打开，有听诊器的，可将听诊器插入加机油口内，可听到敲击声，严重时，在柴油发动机附近便可听清。当油门突然加大时，响声更为突出。③ 将柴油发动机转速稍提高，避开怠速工作时的粗暴区，逐缸断油细听，若断油后声音减轻，再迅速供油的瞬间又发出“当”的声响，则说明该缸连杆轴承响。④ 在汽车运行途中，若连杆轴承响声不是很明显，且断油后声响消失，又无较大的行驶坡度时，可先对有响声的气缸断油，待行驶到修理点后再进行修理。在此期间应特别注意：a） 行驶路程不能过长。b）行驶时，油门应保持中小负荷，不能过大，以免对其它缸构成威胁。⑤ 当轴承响声明显时，应就地维修，不可勉强行驶，避免造成更大损坏。&柴油发动机曲轴轴承异响曲轴轴承的响声较连杆轴承的响声沉重而有力。主要表现为突然加速时发出沉闷的“镗镗”声，严重时还伴有机体振动，其声响部位一般发生在缸体的下部，并随转速、负荷的增大（如汽车爬坡或满载）而增大。⑴ 原因① 曲轴轴承与轴颈磨损严重，或轴承盖螺栓拧紧力矩不足、松旷，造成径向间隙过大，使曲轴上下跳动而发出撞击声。② 曲轴轴承在装配时间隙过小，使摩擦表面产生过热而烧毁轴承合金，甚至抱死。③ 机油的供给不足或质量过差，使润滑油膜难以形成，造成摩擦表面出现半干或干摩擦。⑵ 诊断与处理方法① 曲轴轴承响是极为严重的故障之一，发现主轴承响声后应立即停车检修，以防出现重大事故。② 曲轴轴承响的诊断与连杆轴承响的诊断方法类似，但断油检查时，必须断掉相邻两缸的供油，以确诊为第几道曲轴轴承的响声。柴油发动机 拉缸响柴油发动机拉缸是指在气缸壁上沿活塞移动方向出现沟纹的现象，它能产生漏气和敲击声，使动力性、经济性变差，严重时使活塞卡死在缸内，柴油发动机不能正常工作。气缸被活塞拉伤会使机油窜入燃烧室，积炭过多，燃油漏至油底壳冲淡机油，有时候可从加机油口处观察到有燃油味的油烟和喘气现象。⑴ 原因① 使用不规范。新车走合期未按规定操作，甚至使柴油发动机超负荷工作，温度过高，破坏了气缸上的润滑油膜，引起活塞环与气缸壁间熔结拉伤，严重时，使活塞膨胀过大，与缸壁咬住位伤。② 保养不规范。未及时清除活塞环上的积炭，使环卡在环槽内失去弹性。③ 刮除积炭时，未清除干净，使极硬的积炭颗粒落入缸隙，形成磨料拉伤。④ 维修后装配时，活塞与气缸壁间隙过小，活塞环端隙过小。⑤ 活塞环断裂出现刃角，活塞销卡簧脱落，使活塞销窜出拉伤气缸。⑥ 机油冷却喷嘴故障，造成散热和润滑不良。⑦ 冷起动或低温下猛轰油门，燃油雾化不良，过多燃油进入气缸冲洗缸壁上的油膜拉缸。⑧ 连杆变形使活塞在缸内歪斜。⑵ 诊断与处理方法① 柴油发动机运转中，若出现类似敲缸的声音，且响声不随柴油发动机的温度升高而减弱，即可初步断定为拉缸响。② 拆卸气缸盖，检查缸壁的拉伤情况，一般可分为初期、中期和后期三个阶段：⒈ 初期拉缸的柴油发动机响声不很清晰，但有机油窜入燃烧室，使积炭增多。此外，压缩时燃气漏到曲轴箱，使机油变质，且在加大油门或断续加速时，从加机油口处及曲轴箱通风管处有油烟窜出。对于初期拉缸，应抽出活塞连杆组检查、清洗，并换机油和机油滤芯，清洗油底壳。装复后试车、走合，并使用一段时间后，气缸的密封性会有所改善，但动力性有可能稍差。⒉ 中期拉缸的柴油发动机漏气严重，类似敲缸的异响声较为清楚，打开加机油口盖，大量油烟有节奏的冒出，排气管排浓蓝烟，同时怠速不良。当用断油法检查时，异响声减弱。若中期拉缸发生于多缸，用断油法检查时，异响声虽能减弱，但不能消失。对于中期拉缸，若气缸壁的拉痕不深，可用油石磨光，换上同型号、质量的活塞和同规格的活塞环，即可继续使用，异响声也会大大减小。⒊ 后期拉缸有明显的敲缸和窜气声，动力也明显下降。随油门加大响声也随之加重，声音杂乱，柴油发动机出现抖动。严重时会打碎活塞或损坏缸体。对于这种状况必须更换气缸套、活塞和活塞环。&柴油发动机着火敲击声柴油发动机的着火敲击是由于着火滞后期过长，压力升高率过大，致使柴油发动机工作粗暴而形成的。其特征是在急加速时发出尖锐、清脆而连续的、类似金属的敲击声。在怠速或小负荷工作时较明显，同时伴有机体振动。在大负荷高转速时响声相对较弱，运转也相对平稳。⑴ 原因① 喷油提前角过大。② 柴油的标号不符合标准，十六烷值太低。③ 喷油量过大或供油间隔角不均。④ 喷油器的雾化质量过差。⑤ 柴油发动机温度过低。⑵ 诊断与处理方法① 采用汽车路试的方法先初步诊断。以高档低速平稳行驶，然后油门急速加到底，若柴油发动机发出强烈而尖锐的敲击声，且长时间不消失，而稍抬油门踏板时，响声立即减弱或消失，重加油门时响声又出现，则可认为是着火敲击声响。可将喷油时间稍推迟，再进行路试。如果响声消失，则说明是喷油时间过早引起的。② 若推迟喷油时间，响声不变，说明供油正时准确，可更换柴油后再进行路试，如果响声消失，则说明是柴油品质低劣引起的。③ 采用半断油试验，即拧松喷油器高压油管接头，使部分油喷在外面，以减少向缸内的供油量。如果响声和排烟消失，则说明是该缸供油量过大所致。④ 如果采用半断油试验，声响只减弱而不消失，必须完全断油后响声才消失，则说明是该缸供油时间过早或喷油器雾化质量过差引起的着火敲击声响。应注意检查喷油器的喷雾情况。⑤ 因个别缸供油量过大引起的着火敲击声，亦可采取冷起动后，用手摸对应缸的排气歧管的方法判断；对于大负荷有敲击声的，用手摸喷油器下部及其附近的气缸盖，如感觉被摸缸的温度比其他缸热，则说明是该缸供油量过大。也可用手握高压油管，感觉脉动较大的则是该缸供油量过大。⑥ 个别缸供油量过大或供油时间过早，应拆下喷油泵在试验台上调试该缸供油量和供油间隔角，并对其他各缸的供油量和供油间隔角进行检查。&柴油发动机气门响&气门脚响的现象是柴油发动机在低转速时，上部发出有节奏的清晰均匀的“嗒嗒”声，且转速升高，声响也随之增大。另外，该响声并不随温度的变化 和单缸断油而变化。⑴ 原因① 气门脚间隙调整不当或调整螺钉锁紧螺帽松动。② 气门间隙调整螺钉或摇臂磨损。③ 凸轮磨损量过大，工作时使挺杆产生跳动。④ 气门推杆变形。⑵ 诊断与处理方法① 气门脚响声不随温度的变化而变化，但随转速的高低而改变响声频率。在气门室罩盖处和怠速时声音清晰。② 单缸断油试验也不会影响其响声变化。③ 为了避开低速下着火敲击声的干扰，可采用提高转速后迅速收油门，趁柴油发动机降速时听的方法诊断。④ 打开气门室罩盖，用手捏住气门摇臂感觉振动相对较大的，即为该气门脚响。⑤ 用塞尺插入间隙处，声响消失时为该气门脚响。⑥ 用手压住气门摇臂随其上下移动，若声响减弱或消失，则说明气门杆与导管或摇臂与摇臂轴间隙过大。⑦ 若已查明是气门间隙过大引起的响声，应调整间隙。⑧ 若调整后仍有响声，应检查凸轮的磨损（即测量凸轮的顶高）和推杆有无变形。如有磨损或变形应予以更换。&柴油发动机气门弹簧响气门弹簧响表现在柴油发动机怠速时，可清楚的在气门罩盖处听到“喀哒喀哒”的响声，且有时带有嗡声，严重时汽车的加速性能下降，并伴有起动困难和个别缸工作不良的现象。⑴ 原因① 气门弹簧质量差，弹力过弱或歪斜。② 气门弹簧断裂。⑵ 诊断与处理方法① 气门弹簧响主要是由于弹簧断裂引起的，它的声音没有气门脚响的余音干净。气门弹簧是否断裂，拆开气门室罩盖就可以看出。② 在响声不很明显的情况下，可抖动油门，当柴油发动机改变转速时，气门弹簧会发出明显的无节奏的异响。③ 在静态下，可用旋具撬动弹簧检查，也可用旋具滑动敲击弹簧，若声音不同于其他弹簧，有沙哑声，则说明该弹簧有裂纹或折断，应及时更换。④ 若在途中同时有几根弹簧折断，影响行驶，可就地停车，拆下断弹簧后，将两端平面相对，再按原方式装在气门杆部，暂可以工作，但到维修点后必须更换。&柴油发动机气门挺杆异响气门挺杆响的特征是柴油发动机怠速运转时，听到类似气门间隙过大产生的“嗒嗒”声，响声清脆而有节奏，当温度变化或进行单缸断油试验时，响声并不变化，但中速以上可减弱或消失。⑴ 原因① 气门推杆弯曲变形。② 挺杆与挺杆孔磨损严重，产生失圆和间隙大。⑵ 诊断与处理方法① 检查时，拆下气门室罩盖，用手按住靠近缸盖边的推杆侧并朝凸轮轴旋转方向给以适当的侧向力，使其上下移动工作时减少摆动。再仔细听，声音减小或消失者为该挺杆响。② 发现挺杆响，先检查推杆是否变形，若有变形应予以矫正或更换。更换新件时，必须注意质量检查。当推杆完好时，再检查挺杆与挺杆孔的圆度、圆柱度或配合间隙是否过大。应及时予以修复，并且对润滑油路进行检查、保养。柴油发动机 凸轮轴响凸轮轴的敲击声发闷 而有节奏，在发响的同时， 凸轮轴轴肩附近有振动感。⑴ 原因① 各座孔不同心。② 凸轮轴弯曲或变形。③ 轴孔与凸轮轴配合间隙过大。④ 凸轮轴轴向窜动。⑵ 诊断与处理方法① 用听诊器或旋具抵触在气缸体凸轮轴附近听诊，若有振动响声，则可确诊为该轴承发响。② 声响规律一般是怠速、中速时较清晰，高速时声音杂乱或减弱。③ 若凸轮轴窜动，则应进行轴向间隙调整。④ 凸轮轴变形或轴承间隙过大应进行修理。柴油发动机 正时齿轮室异响柴油发动机工作时，有时在齿轮室端发出异常响声，且声音随转速升高而增大，是正时齿轮室异响。⑴ 原因① 各传动齿轮的齿隙过大。② 新装的齿轮齿隙过小。③ 齿轮损坏。④ 固定螺钉松动。⑵ 诊断与处理方法① 可借助金属杆在齿轮室抵触听诊。② 当柴油发动机低速运转时，有“哗啦哗啦”声，轻轻地轰油门可听到转速变化的瞬间有“嘎啦”的一下重响，则说明齿隙过大有撞击的声音，应对此间隙进行调整。③ 新安装的齿轮如果运转时发出“& 嗷――”声，转速越高声音越大，说明间隙过小，必须重新调整，若声音不太大，可不必调整，但使用初期不可高速运转，以免损伤齿轮。④ 当柴油发动机在高怠速运转时，有不均匀的“咯啦”声，如果提高转速响声变杂乱，则为齿轮损坏。对此应拆下齿轮盖观察，予以更换。⑤ 中速以上运转，响声杂乱而强烈，且伴有振动感，降速时会发出撞击声，然后消失，则可认为是紧固螺母或螺栓松动，应及时给予紧固。&柴油发动机风扇叶异响的诊断与处理方法柴油发动机在工作时，随着风扇叶长时间使用，有时会突然发出“哗啦哗啦”嘈杂的响声，尤其是随着柴油发动机转速的上升，噪音也相应增大，这类现象称为风扇叶片异响。⑴ 原因① 由于风扇叶片的振动，叶片与风扇叶轮毂的铆钉松动。② 风扇紧固螺钉松动。③ 风扇叶片根部产生了裂纹，改变了叶片的倾斜角度。④ 风扇叶片断裂。⑵ 诊断与处理方法① 在汽车运行过程中，若突然听到异响，则应立即熄火，再停车检查，以避免因风扇叶片断裂而打坏散热器。② 用起动机带动风扇低速旋转，查看有无运转不均或前后摆动现象，如有此现象可进一步确诊&&& 。③ 停止柴油发动机转动，用手前后扳动风扇叶片有松旷感，说明风扇皮带轮紧固螺栓松动，或紧固风扇的螺钉松动，应及时焊接或更换。④ 当发现风扇叶片根部有裂纹时，应及时焊接或更换。⑤ 在途中发生风扇叶片断裂，但无法修理时，可拆下风扇，将其对称的叶片剪去，安装后继续行驶。值得注意的是：当叶片被剪后使用时，由于风扇排风量减小，柴油发动机转速不可过高，以防柴油发动机水温过高。&柴油发动机风扇皮带打滑响柴油发动机运转中，偶尔发出声响频率较高、尖锐而持续不断的“吱――”的声音，急加油时，响声更为突出，这是皮带轮打滑所致。⑴ 原因① 风扇或气泵的皮带张紧度不足。②皮带经长期使用被拉长未及时更换。⑵ 诊断与处理方法① 若在汽车运行中有“吱――”的响声，在踩下离合器踏板的同时轻轰油门，响声随转速突变而变化，则可认为是皮带打滑。② 停车熄火，用手指按压皮带，下沉量超过15mm者，为皮带过松，应进行调整。
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电喷柴油机发动机工作原理和系统技术介绍48 柴油机工作原理
电喷柴油机发动机工作原理和系统技术介绍船用柴油机是怎样工作的？柴油机是一种内燃机，通过把燃油喷入高温高压的燃烧室而发火。船用柴油机是一种在船上使用的柴油机。其工作原理如下： 一定量的新鲜空气被吸入或泵入汽缸并被运动的活塞压缩至很高的压力。空气被压缩时，温度升高，便点燃喷入汽缸的油雾。燃油的燃烧增加了缸内空气的热量，使空气膨胀并迫使发动机活塞对曲轴做功，随之驱动螺旋桨。两次喷油期间的运转过程叫一个工作循环。它由一些程序固定的过程组成。这个循环可在两个行程或四个行程内完成。四冲程柴油机的工作循环需四个独立的活塞行程，即吸气，压缩，膨胀和排气。如果我们把吸气和排气行程与压缩和膨胀行程结合起来，四冲程柴油机就变成了二冲程柴油机。二冲程循环从活塞离开其行程底部，即下止点（BDC）向上运行开始，气缸侧面的进气口即扫气口是打开的，排气口也是打开的。经压缩的新鲜空气充入气缸，通过排气口将上一行程的残气吹出。 当活塞上行至其行程的1/5时，关闭进，排气口，随后空气在活塞上行中被压缩。当活塞上行到行程底部，即上止点（TDC）时空气的压力和温度都上升到很高的数值。此时喷油器把很细的油雾喷入灼热的空气中，燃烧开始，在气体中产生更高的压力。 随着高压气体的膨胀，活塞被推动下行直到它打开排气口，燃烧过的气体开始排出，活塞继续下行直到它打开进气口，另一个循环开始。在二冲程柴油机中，曲轴转一星期产生一个动力行程，即做功行程；而在四冲程柴油机中，曲轴转两周才产生一个动力行程。这就是为什么从理论上说二冲程柴油机能产生相同尺寸的四冲程柴油机的两倍功率。然而，扫气不充分和其他损失使这一优势降到大约1.8倍。 在船上，每种柴油机都有他的应用。低速（即90~120 r/min）主推进柴油机以二冲程工作。在此低速时，机桨间不需减速箱。四冲程柴油机（通常以中速运转，转速在250~750r/min）用于发电机，并且有时作推进主机，用减速箱提供90~120 r/min的速度。工作循环 柴油机可设计成以二冲程循环或四冲程循环工作，二者解释如下：四冲程循环 典型的两转四冲程循环的过程。通常从上止点（TDC，发火）开始绘制，从上止点 （TDC，扫气）开始解释。上止点又叫内止点。沿该顺时针看，开始时进，排气阀都是打开的（所有现代四冲程柴油机均有气阀机构）。如果柴油机是自然换气或带有径流增压气的小型高速机，气阀的重叠时间，即两气阀同时开启的时间将很短。排气阀将在上止点后（ATDC）10o左右关闭。推进柴油机和绝大多数1000r/min以下运转的辅助发电柴油机几乎都采用涡轮增压，并设计成在这一时刻让大量的扫气空气贯穿流动以控制适当的叶片温度。在这种情况下，排气阀将保持开启直至上止点后50~60o关闭。随着活塞在其吸气行程向外或下止点下行，它将吸入大量新鲜空气。为使吸入空气量达到最大，并补偿因阀落座造成的开启量减少或吸气惯性作用，进气阀保持开启，直到下止点后大约25~30o（145~155oBTDC）。这一过程称之为进气阀关闭。充入的空气然后被上行的活塞压缩至大约550oC。依柴油机的型号和转速而定，大约在10o~20oBTDC，喷油器喷入精细雾化的燃油。喷入的燃油在2~7o内着火（也依机型而定），活塞在膨胀行程下行，在30~50o的期间内燃烧。活塞的运动通常有利于诱导空气助燃。在大约120~150oATDC，排气阀打开（EVO）。这样选择正时能迅速将缸内气体排至排气管。这样可以：（a）保留足够的能量驱动废气涡轮增压器；（b）减小缸内压力在下止点时达最小值以减小排气行程消耗的泵气功。上行的活塞驱赶残留的废气，在70~80oBTDC，进气阀打开，这样向外流动的气体惯性加上正的压差（此时通常在汽缸中是存在的），就产生了空气对废气的贯穿气流以清扫汽缸。如果柴油机是自然换气的，进气阀开启约在上止点前10o。工作循环重新开始。二冲程循环典型二冲程循环的过程，正如其名称所指，工作循环是在曲轴转一星期内完成的。二冲程柴油机总是有进气口的，该气口被下行的活塞打开时使空气进入汽缸。废气可以经与邻近的排气口由同一活塞控制排出（回流扫气），或经气缸另一侧的排气口排出，或经排气阀排出（直流扫气）。从上止点开始，燃烧已经进行。排气在上止点后110~120o开始，进气在随后20~30o，即上止点后130~150o开始迅速吹扫气缸。用这种方式，以音速流动的废气靠惯性促使空气迅速流过气缸，以产生最小的（新废气）掺混，因为所有未排出的废气都将降低用于下一行程的空气量。在压缩行程，排气口应当在进气口前关闭以使充气量最大，但如果两个过程是同一活塞控制的，发动机的几何形状回妨碍实现这一点。这种情况可在有排气阀的柴油机中实现。在任何情况下，进气口都将在下止点后，以和下止点前开启时相同的角度关闭，即在下止点后130~150o关闭，排气口在同样的角度范围内关闭。喷油在上止点前约10~20o开始，角度依转速而定。燃烧同四冲程机一样持续30~50o柴油机结构（I）一、 机座和机架机座在大多数情况下是焊接结构，用螺栓固定在构成船舶双层底的底座上。它在横向借助于侧楔垫螺栓，在纵向借助于端楔垫螺栓固定。曲轴安放在机座横梁的轴承上，这些轴承称作主轴承。每个轴承由两块轴瓦组成，两块轴瓦由在机座上加工出的瓦座支撑，用双头螺栓和轴承盖固定。推力轴承位于发动机的尾部，可同机座制成一体也可同机座分开。在机座上平面装有由若钢铸铁或锻钢制成的A字形机架，机架安装在机座的横梁上，并用螺栓固定。A形机架顶部有一个结实的框架结构叫扫气箱。该扫气箱分若干段，每段均带有垂直法兰，通过螺栓可将他们在链传动装置前1~3缸的部分连成一体，链传动装置后4~6缸的部分连成一体。链传动装置将曲轴和凸轮轴连在一起，封闭在链传动箱的壳体内。二、 气缸和气缸盖在扫气箱上部，每个气缸装有一个坚固的铸铁框架。这些框架称作气缸体或冷却水套，并带有垂直法兰，与扫气箱一样，可用螺栓将各框架连成首尾两组。基座、机架和气缸用长贯穿螺栓连到一起，形成一个较大的坚实结构，减少了使用时产生的变形及振动。气缸套有铸铁制成，缸套表面有时镀铬。气缸套向下延伸到扫气箱。缸套与扫气箱顶部的密封由橡胶圈实现，橡胶圈安装在缸套上切削的环槽内。在气缸套伸入扫气箱内的部位有一列称为扫气口的开口。气口的高度是这样布置的，当活塞位于下止点时，活塞上沿刚好打开气口。气口在缸套上以大约20o的倾角制成，其结果是使扫气旋转。各缸顶部由特殊耐热钢制成的缸盖封闭。缸盖装在缸套顶部的平面上，并由机加工的凸肩定位。密封圈嵌入在缸盖锥形面时必须十分小心。气缸盖和气缸套用旋入缸体中的双头螺栓固定。缸套上有钻空用于润滑，新型的缸套在其最上部还有钻空用于冷却。每个缸盖上有一个大型中心孔，用于安装排气阀，还有两到三个空用于装喷油器，还有些孔用来安装起动阀、安全阀、示功阀、以及作为排气阀冷却水腔的进出口。阅读材料译文A．SULZER船用柴油机SULZER RND-M 型柴油机是单作用、低速、二冲程、可逆转发动机。每个汽缸的运动机构由活塞、活塞杠、连杆及所连接的单柄曲轴组成。机座制成纵向箱形梁的双壁结构。A形框架安装在机座上，支撑机架和气缸体，整个机座、A形框架和气缸体组件用贯穿螺栓连在一起形成一个刚性结构。为了承受曲轴横向弯曲负荷，主轴承盖由撑杆螺栓固定。这种强化结构对于承受经缸头传到柴油机结构上的燃烧负荷是必要的。曲轴是半组合式的，曲柄臂设计成部分平衡回转质量。气缸盖被制成单体件，并装有在中央的喷油器，起动空气阀、安全阀和示功阀。废气驱动定压式的涡轮增压器提供扫气空气。采用回流式扫气并带有一台电动的自动运行的辅助鼓风机，以便低速和机动操作时使用。润滑油供到低压和中压系统，低压系统向主轴承和其它轴承供油，十字头轴承由中压系统供油，铰链管把滑油送到十字头轴承。汽缸、汽缸盖以及活塞由水冷却，伸缩套管把水送入活塞。燃油喷射采用独立喷射系统，并且用Woodward型液压调速器调速。RL型柴油机以RND-M型为基础，活塞行程加长，提供更大的输出功率和更低的转速。其新特征包括带有推力轴承的单壁机座、活塞头和其他主要燃烧室部件钻空冷却，及用水在接近热表面的钻空中循环。BSULZER RTA 型柴油机SULZER RTA84C是一种典型的低速二冲程十字头式长行程现代柴油机。其缸径为840mm，行程为2400mm，转速为100r/min，4 到12缸间均产品，也可特别为大型快速集装箱船生产。其设计及结构和RTA2型系列相似，RTA2系列使汽缸尺寸降到380mm。机座是由钢板和一些铸件焊接构成的单壁深墙箱形结构，在焊接的坚实A形机架上装有各冷却缸套，它们由螺栓连成一体形成缸体。这些机件组成了柴油机的强固整体框架。整个框架结构由贯穿螺栓垂直预紧。缸套为铸铁合金。其上端是一坚实环台，坐落在汽缸体上，它承受很大的气体负载。缸套钻空冷却，可调节水流以维持合适的温度。缸套下端在扫气箱内，不进行冷却。在不同高度位置对气缸进行润滑以降低汽缸磨损率。缸盖为坚实的锻钢件，采用钻孔冷却以减少热应力，并传递喷油器套的热量，使排气阀座用缸盖冷却水集中冷却。排气阀用84#镍铬钛合金（Ninonic80）制成，并通过安装在阀杆上的叶片转动。他靠液压开启，靠空气弹簧作用关闭，开启的液体压力来自凸轮驱动的操纵机构。活塞带有合金钢的活塞头，并有5道压缩环，安装在镀铬的环槽内，活塞有一短的铸铁活塞裙。活塞用油冷却，既采用震荡冷却的方法，也采用小型喷嘴注射的方法，将油通入紧贴活塞头底面和在活塞环槽背面的孔中。冷却油通过活塞杆中的钻孔从十字头的铰接杆供入和返回。活塞杆与单体十字头上表面相连，并连续贯穿整个下半部和上端轴承。上端轴承材料为白合金，靠压力油润滑。十字头导向滑块与十字头各端相连。半总成式曲轴采用倒角内缩的曲柄以增大主轴承面积，主轴承盖由装在机架内的撑杆螺栓固定。凸轮轴由齿轮驱动，配有伺服器以便在倒车运行时给燃油泵和起动空气分配器重新定时。高压油泵为凸轮驱动阀式油泵，带可变发火定时调节，以保持低速时高效燃烧。每个高压油泵向对称布置的装在缸盖上不进行冷却的三个喷油器供油。在不喷油时热的燃油在喷油器中循环。这种柴油机采用直流扫气，定压增压，带有高效的非冷却的透平增压器，在低速运行时，用两台高速电动辅助风机作补充。柴油机结构（II）一、 活塞及活塞杆活塞由其下部一铸铁制成的活塞裙以及上部一耐热钢制成的活塞头组成。它们用螺栓连在一起并固定在活塞杆上。活塞部件相互间的位置由活塞头上车削的凹槽和定位销来固定。每个活塞上装有5~6道活塞环，活塞环装在头部镀铬的环槽中。最上面的2~3道活塞环是带斜切口的窄环；紧接下去的2道活塞环是带有重叠搭口的宽环，最下面的那道环是刮油环。所有活塞环顶部和底部的外缘都稍有倒角，以便在新活塞环磨合期间缸套上留有油膜。为了控制热应力，某些现代柴油机采用薄壁集中冷却活塞。在这种情况下，活塞头内部有一插件，它用来对冷却液流导向，以增强传统的“鸡尾震荡”效应。活塞杆从顶部法兰到与十字头中心相对位置处镗孔。一根长管从此孔插入几近孔底。管的外径小于孔的直径，因此在活塞杆和管子之间形成一个环形空间。活塞杆的下端直径减小，插入十字头内孔中，并用螺帽将十字头与活塞杆紧固。活塞杆上装有定位销，以确保各部件的正确装配。在十字头两端轴颈处，各装有十字头滑块。十字头滑块由发动机机架内的十字头导板导向。十字头滑块在十字头上的位置由定位销确定，并用锥头螺栓紧固在十字头上。EFI diesel engine works and system technologyMarine diesel engines is how does it work?The diesel engine is an internal combustion engine, fuel is sprayed into the high temperature and pressure of the combustion chamber ignition. The marine diesel engine is a board used in diesel engines. Its working principle is as follows: a certain amount of fresh air to be sucked or pumped into the cylinder and piston compression to high pressure. When the air is compressed, the temperature, he ignited the oil mist sprayed into the cylinder. The increase in the heat of the cylinder air for fuel combustion, the air expansion and forcing the engine piston acting on the crankshaft, with the attendant drives a propeller. Twice the fuel injection during the operation process is called a cycle of work. It consists of some of the procedures process. This cycle can be completed within a two stroke or four stroke. The four-stroke diesel engine duty cycle required four separate piston stroke, that is, suction, compression, expansion and exhaust. If we inhale and exhaust stroke and the compression and expansion stroke combined, four-stroke diesel engine into a two-stroke diesel engines. Leave their itinerary at the bottom of two-stroke cycle piston bottom dead center (BDC) upward run began, the inlet of the cylinder on the side of the scavenging port is open, the exhaust port is open. Compressed fresh air charge into the cylinder, blowing out the residual gas on a trip through the exhaust port. When the piston up to 1/5 of his trip, close the intake, exhaust port, and then the air is compressed in the piston upward. When the piston up to trip the bottom of the top dead center (TDC), the air pressure and temperature rose to a high value. The injector to a very fine mist sprayed into the hot air, combustion gas to produce a higher pressure. With the expansion of the high-pressure gas, the piston is being pusheddownstream until it opens the exhaust port, combustion gas discharge, the piston continues downstream until it opens the air inlet, and another cycle begins.Two-stroke diesel engine crankshaft revolution to produce a power stroke, in the four-stroke diesel engine crank two weeks to produce a power stroke. This is why two-stroke diesel engine can produce twice the power of the same size four-stroke diesel engine theory. Scavenging, however, is not sufficient and other losses, this advantage dropped to about 1.8 times. On board, each diesel engine to have his application. Low-speed (90 ~ 120 r / min), main propulsion diesel two-stroke. This low speed, the machine paddle do not need gear boxes. Four-stroke diesel engine (usually in the medium-speed operation, the speed in the 250 ~ 750r/min) for generators, and sometimes for propulsion engines, gear box 90 ~ 120 r / min speed.The duty cycle diesel engine can be designed as a two-stroke cycle or four-stroke cycle, the two are explained as follows:Typical four-stroke cycle to turn the course of four-stroke cycle. Usually from the top dead center (TDC, ignition) to start drawing from the top dead center (TDC, sweep gas) begin to explain. The point is also called TDC TDC.See along the clockwise, starting forward, the exhaust valves are open (all modern four-stroke diesel engines have valve bodies). If the diesel engine is a natural ventilation or a small high-speed machine with a the runoff pressurized gas, the valve overlap time, the two valves open at the same time a very short time. Close the exhaust valve at TDC (the ATDC) about 10 o.Propulsion diesel engines and auxiliary power diesel engine operation following the vast majority of 1000r/min almost all turbocharged, and are designed so that at this moment a lot of scavenging air throughout the flow in order to control the leaf temperature. In this case, the exhaust valve will remain open until the shut down of 50 ~ 60 ° after top dead center. With the piston in its inspiratory stroke out or the next stop point downstream, it will inhale a large quantity of fresh air. Reaches the maximum, and compensation for the amount of air inhaled valve seated open reduction or the suction effect of inertia, the intake valve remains open, until the ending point of about 25 ~ 30 o (145 ~ 155 o BTDC). This process is called the intake valve closed. Filled the air and then upward piston compression to about 550 o C. Depending on the type and speed of the diesel engine, about 10 o ~ 20 o BTDC, the fuel injector is injected into a finely atomized fuel. Ignition of fuel sprayed into the 2 ~ 7 o (also according to the model), downstream of the piston in the expansion stroke, combustion period of 30 to 50 o. The piston movement is usually conducive to the induction of air for combustion.Approximately 120 to 150 o the ATDC, the exhaust valve opens (EVO). Select is quickly cylinder gas emissions to the exhaust pipe. This: (a) to retain enough energy to drive exha (b) reduce the cylinder pressure to the next stop point of the minimum to reduce the consumption of the pump exhaust stroke Qigong. Residual exhaust gas upstream of the piston driven, 70 ~ 80 o BTDC, the intake valve open, so that outward flow of gas inertia coupled with a positive pressure differential (often in the cylinder in there), the air on the exhaust throughout the airflow to clean up the cylinder.If the diesel engine is natural ventilation, the intake valve opens at about 10 o before TDC. Duty cycle to start again. Two-stroke cycleTypical two-stroke cycle process, as its name within the meaning of the work cycle is completed within the crankshaft revolution.Two-stroke diesel engine is always a piston to open the inlet, the air intake downstream air entering the cylinder. The exhaust gas can be discharged and the adjacent exhaust ports controlled by the same piston (return sweep gas), or through the exhaust port of the cylinder on the other side of the discharge, or discharge (DC sweep gas through the exhaust valve).From TDC, the combustion has been carried out. 110 to 120 o after top dead center, exhaust intake in the next 20 to 30 o, the only point of 130 ~ 150 o quickly purge the cylinder. By inertia to promote in this way to the sonic flow of exhaust air rapidly flows through the cylinder to a minimum of (gas) mixing, because all is not the exhaust air will reduce the amount of air for the next trip.In the compression stroke, the exhaust port should be closed before the inlet to the aeration rate, but if the twoprocesses is controlled by the same piston, and the geometry of the engine back to hinder the achievement of this. This situation in diesel engine exhaust valve.In any case, the air intake will be the next stop point to open before the bottom dead point of view off, the next stop point 130 ~ 150 o turn off the exhaust port is closed in the same angle in the range.The fuel injection before top dead center, about 10 ~ 20 o angle according to speed. Burning with the four-stroke machine is the same for 30 ~ 50 oDiesel engine structure (I), Frame and rackBase in most cases welded structure, bolted to the base constitute the double bottom of the ship. In the horizontal by means of lateral wedge pad bolt in the vertical by means of the end of the wedge pad bolt.The crankshaft is placed in the base beam bearings, these bearings are referred to as the main bearings. Each bearing consists of two bearing two bearing from the bearing seat of the processing on the base support, a fixed stud and bearing cap. The thrust bearing is located in the rear of the engine, with the base made of one with the base unit separately.A shape made of cast iron or steel of if steel rack on the base plane is equipped with rack-mount on the base beam and bolted. A shaped top of the rack has a sturdy frame structure called scavenge. The sweep gas tank divided into several sections, each with a vertical flange in front of the chain drive device through bolt a 3 cylinder parts fused to a chain drive device 4 to 6 cylinder part of the fused . The chain gear to the crankshaft and camshaft together, enclosed within the shell of the chain drive box.Second, the cylinder and cylinder headThe upper part of the scavenge each cylinder is equipped with a sturdy cast iron frame. Framework known as the cylinder block cooling water jacket, and with a vertical flange, and scavenge available bolts to each frame into both the two groups.Pedestal, rack and cylinder connected to a long through bolts together to form a solid structure, reducing the use of deformation and vibration.Cylinder liner made of cast iron cylinder liner surface is sometimes chrome plated. Cylinder liner extending down to scavenge. Liner and scavenging box at the top of the seal by the rubber ring, rubber ring is installed in the liner on the cutting of the ring slot. One called scavenging port openings in the cylinder liner inserted into the sweep gas tank parts. The air inlet height is such arrangement, when the piston at bottom dead center, piston along just to open the air intake. The air inlet in the cylinder liner is made of about 20 o angle, the result is the scavenging rotation.The top of each cylinder made of special heat-resisting steel cylinder head closed. Cylinder head mounted on the liner at the top of the plane, the orientation of the shroud by machining. Ring embedded in the cylinder heads of cone surface must be very careful. Cylinder head and cylinder to apply spin into the stud in the cylinder is fixed. Liner on the drilling space is used for lubrication, the new liner at the top of air drilling for cooling.Each cylinder head has a large center hole used to install the exhaust valve, as well as two to three empty for loading injector, and also some of the holes used to install the starter valve, safety valves, indicator valve, as well as The exhaust valve cooling water chamber of import and export.Reading material translationA. SULZER marine diesel engineOf SULZER the RND-M type diesel engine is single acting, low-speed, two stroke reversible engine.The movement of bodies of each cylinder by the piston, the piston bar, rod and connected to a single handle crank. The docking station made of double-wall structure of the longitudinal box girder. A-shaped framework installed on the base supporting the rack and cylinder block, the entire base, A-shaped frame and the cylinder block assembly with through bolts together to form a rigid structure. In order to withstand horizontal crankshaft bending load, the main bearing cap fixed by the strut bolts. This enhanced structure is necessary to withstand the fire load on the diesel engine structure reached by the cylinder head. The crankshaft is a semi-modular, the crank arm is designed as part电喷柴油机发动机工作原理和系统技术介绍48_柴油机工作原理of the quality of balance rotation. The cylinder head was made of monomer, and equipped with a central injector, starting air valve, safety valve and indicator valve.The constant pressure exhaust-driven turbocharger to provide scavenging air. The reflux sweep gas and auxiliary blower with an electric run automatically, so that low and maneuvered.Lubricants for low and medium voltage systems, low pressure system to the main bearings and other bearing oil supply, the crosshead bearing the Chinese and oil of the pressure system, the hinge tube to oil sent to the crosshead bearing.Cylinder, cylinder head and piston cooling by water, the boom of water into the piston.The fuel injection using independent injection system, and Woodward hydraulic governor governor.RL type of diesel engine based on the RND-M type, the piston stroke lengthened to provide greater output power and lower speed. Its new features include single-walled base with a thrust bearing, piston head and the main combustion chamber components drill air cooling, and water in the air circulation close to the hot surface of the drill.BSULZER the RTA-type diesel engineThe SULZER RTA84C is a typical low-speed two-stroke crosshead long journey of modern diesel engines. Its bore 840mm, stroke 2400mm, speed 100r/min, 4 to 12 cylinder products can also be particularly large fast container ship production. Its design and structure and RTA2 series RTA2 series cylinder size down to 380mm. The docking station is composed of single-wall deep wall box structure welded plates and castings, welding a solid A-shaped rack is equipped with cooling liner, formed by the bolt fused cylinder. Of these parts diesel robust overall framework. The entire frame structure through bolts vertical preload.Liner for a cast iron alloy. Its upper end is a solid ring units, located in the cylinder body, it is under a lot of gas load. The liner drilling air cooling, adjustable water flow to maintain the proper temperature. Liner the lower end of the sweep gas tank without cooling. Different height of the cylinder lubrication to reduce cylinder wear rate.Cylinder head is solid forged steel, drilling cooling to reduce thermal stress, and pass the heat of the fuel injector, so concentrated cooling the exhaust valve seat cylinder head cooling water. For exhaust valve made of 84 # nickel-chromium titanium (Ninonic80,), and through the leaves on the stem rotation. He opened hydraulically and closed by air spring action, open the liquid pressure from the cam-driven control mechanism.Piston with alloy steel piston head, and five compression ring installed in the ring slot chrome piston with a short cast iron piston skirt. Piston oil cooling, shock cooling and small nozzle injection, into the oil through close to the underside of the piston head and the back of the hole in the piston ring groove. Cooling oil drilling in the piston rod from the crosshead of the hinge rod for entry and return. The piston rod and monomer cross head is connected to the surface, and continuously throughout the lower half and the top bearing. The upper bearing material for the white metal by pressure oil lubrication. The crosshead oriented slider connected to each end of the crosshead.The semi-assembly crankshaft crank to increase main bearing area recessed in the chamfer, the main bearing cap fixed by the strut bolts installed in the rack. Camshaft gear drive, with a server to run in the reverse to the fuel pump and starting air distributor retiming.The high pressure pump is a cam-driven valve pumps, with variable ignition timing adjustment to maintain slow and efficient combustion. Mounted on the cylinder head on each high-pressure pump to the symmetrical arrangement of three injector cooling oil. In the fuel injector fuel injector the heat cycle.This diesel engine using a DC sweep gas at constant pressure booster, with efficient cooling of the turbine turbocharger, supplemented by two high-speed electric auxiliary fan at low speed.Diesel engine structure (II)First, the piston and piston rodThe piston head and piston made by the lower part of a cast iron piston skirt and the upper part of a heat-resistant steel. Them together with bolts and fixed on the piston rod. Piston parts between the location of the groove of the piston head turning and positioning pin fixed.Each piston is equipped with six piston rings, piston ring mounted on the head chrome ring slot. 3 of the top piston ring is a narrow ring w immediately go on the two piston rings with overlapping ride the mouth ofthe wide ring, that ring in the bottom of the oil scraper ring. All piston rings top and bottom of the outer edge of a slight chamfer to left in the liner of the new piston ring running during the film.In order to control the thermal stress, some of the modern diesel engine using thin-walled central cooling piston. In this case, a plug-in within the piston head, used for the cooling flow oriented to enhance the traditional &chicken tail shock effect.The piston rod from the top flange to the relative position of the crosshead center boring. A long tube from the hole into the near-bottom of the hole. Tube outer diameter smaller than the diameter of the hole, so to form an annular space between the piston rod and tube.The bottom of the piston rod diameter decreases, insert in the hole within the crosshead and the crosshead and piston rod fastening nuts. The piston rod is equipped with a locating pin to ensure that the correct assembly of the various components.At the journal of the crosshead at both ends, each equipped with a crosshead slider. Crosshead slider inside the engine frame crosshead guides-oriented. Crosshead slider is determined by the positioning pin in the location of the cross head, cone head bolt secured to the cross head.欢迎您转载分享：
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