abnormal 036cells这是一种什么病毒

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& 无心插柳柳成荫的抗癌药物
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研究表明他汀类降脂药物可能有助抗癌
瑞士苏黎世联邦理工学院9月3日宣布,该校人员参与的一项研究表明,通常用于抗高血脂的他汀类药物可能有助于抗癌。
据瑞士媒体3日报道,来自苏黎世联邦理工学院和美国加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校的研究人员研发出一种细胞培养系,并使用这一细胞系对1000余种物质进行测试。测试中他们发现30多种物质具备抑制淋巴管发育的作用,并对其中两种物质进行详细分析,这两种物质中的一种属于他汀类药物。
研究人员说,淋巴管发育能促进肌体内癌细胞的转移,一些癌细胞正是通过淋巴管才得以扩散,某些肿瘤还能分泌促进淋巴管发育的物质。
研究人员随后用实验鼠进行了实验,证实服用这种他汀类药物的实验鼠体内淋巴管发育受到抑制,癌细胞的转移也得到防止。
研究人员认为,某些癌症患者可服用他汀类药物阻断癌细胞转移。不过他们表示,还需要进一步研究,以确定患者应服用多少剂量的他汀类药物来防止癌细胞转移。
英国科学家发现:精神药物林卡唑能治多种癌症&&来源:中国新闻网 发布时间: 14:15:37
英国科学家在抗癌药物的研究上有了新突破。英国广播公司报道,苏格兰邓迪大学的一组研究员发现,一种用来治疗精神分裂症的口服性药物“林卡唑”,能够有效地治疗多种癌症,副作用也相对较小。
据新加坡《联合早报》报道,邓迪大学研究员的实验发现,这种“林卡唑”(rimcazole)药物能够刺激癌变细胞的细胞凋亡(apoptosis)过程,消灭人体内的癌细胞组织,同时阻止肿瘤内的血管新生现象。
领导该项研究工作的芭芭拉博士说:“如果人体无法进行细胞凋亡过程,包括癌细胞在内的瑕疵细胞就会存活下来。林卡唑能让癌变细胞产生凋亡过程,让它们自我毁灭,同时不伤害正常细胞。”她表示,由于林卡唑对健康细胞组织的危害性很低,意味着服用者发生副作用的几率较小。另外,这些研究员也发现,这种药物能够治疗多种癌症,包括那些现有药物都无法控制的癌症。
邓迪大学的研究员目前正和制药商合作,对林卡唑做进一步的研发工作,并计划在今年年底之前进行临床实验,预计这种新抗癌药物将在四到五年内推出市场。
作者:Peter M Rothwell 来源:《柳叶刀》 发布时间: 13:08:50
阿司匹林具不凡抗癌效用
医生仍然强调阿斯匹林存在可能引起胃出血的副作用
据英国广播公司3月21日报道,发表在英国医学杂志《柳叶刀》上的三项最新研究结果为阿司匹林的抗癌效果提供了有力的证据。
研究结果显示,每天服用少量阿司匹林可以预防癌症,甚至可以治疗癌症。
此前已经有许多人每天服用阿司匹林,以此来预防心脏病和中风的发生。
但是专家警告说,目前仍然没有充足的证据令医生向人们提出为了预防癌症而服用阿司匹林的建议。专家同时警告说,阿司匹林存在危险的副作用,包括引起胃出血。
最新的研究结果显示,每天服用低剂量(75至300毫克)阿司匹林能够在三年之内把癌症发病率减少四分之一。
与此同时,这样使用阿司匹林还能在五年之内把癌症引起的死亡率降低15%。
英国癌症研究会的约翰逊教授说,新的研究结果令人兴奋,但是他仍然认为人们在服用阿司匹林的时候应该同医生商量,因为这种药物存在着可能的副作用。(来源:中新网)
《临床癌症研究》:抗艾药物可抑制癌细胞这是医学界又一个有心栽花花不开、无心插柳柳成荫的美好故事 作者:王丹红 来源:科学时报 发布时间: 23:42:57
这是医学界又一个有心栽花花不开、无心插柳柳成荫的美好故事。第一个批准上市的艾滋病(AIDS)治疗药物最初是以癌症治疗为目标来研制的,而今天,科学家们正在将一个已获批准的艾滋病病毒(HIV)药物作为抗癌药物进行人体临床试验。
据最新出版的美国《科学》杂志报道,由美国癌症研究所肿瘤医学专家菲利普·丹尼斯领导的研究小组发现:目前用于抑制HIV蛋白酶体的药也能对付癌症,这一最新的研究成果发表在9月1日出版的《临床癌症研究》期刊上。丹尼斯和同事在论文中指出,试管试验和老鼠试验表明,3种HIV药物都能显著降低6种癌细胞的生长速度,并提高细胞的死亡。其中一种名为奈非那韦(nelfinavir)的HIV药物效果最好,丹尼斯已经启动了对奈非那韦的临床试验,他说:“最令人惊讶的是我们只用了一年半的时间就从预临床研究进入临床研究。”
丹尼斯指出,在进入人体试验之前,制药公司通常要花5到10年的时间和大约10亿美元来试验一种有希望的化合物,但是,对一种已获批准的药物进行“重新配置”则可利用这种药物已有的众多毒性和剂量数据,从而节约了大量的时间和财力。
科学家认为,像HIV这样的病毒之所以能够免遭人体免疫系统的攻击,其原因是它们能分解寄主细胞的垃圾处理部位——蛋白酶体。奈非那韦则是一种蛋白质降解酶抑制剂,因此,从理论上讲,它也能阻止肿瘤细胞的生长。
临床研究表明,奈非那韦对HIV感染患者的蛋白酶体有两种毒性作用,这种毒性作用启发了丹尼斯,他想:它们是否也能用于对付多种癌症呢?丹尼斯的实验室擅长对细胞信号通道Akt的研究,而Akt在许多癌症中被激活。科学界早有这样的认识:Akt通道的抑制导致脂肪和葡萄糖的堆积。“我们假设,如果能够鉴别出可排除这些毒性的药物,那么我们就发现了好的Akt抑制剂。”他们找到了HIV蛋白酶体抑制剂,这种药物会导致患者出现脂肪堆积和高血糖症等症状。
丹尼斯和同事指出,Akt的抑制作用只能部分解释奈非那韦的抗癌作用。丹尼斯说:“我们认为Akt的抑制不是最重要的机制。”他们发现奈非那韦能降低内质网的压力,并引发细胞通过一种名为凋亡的机制自我毁灭。美国赛雷拉基因公司首席医学官、肿瘤学家塞缪尔·布鲁德说:“这篇论文所描述的机理部分令人震惊,这非常有趣。”
但英国曼彻斯特大学的伊恩·汉普森并不认为新发现有多么出人意料。汉普森曾发现另一种艾滋病药物——利托那韦(lopinavir)也有阻止子宫颈癌的潜力,他说,不少癌症是因病毒感染导致的。
丹尼斯希望征召45位身患固态肿瘤、对治疗没有响应的患者。第一步,他们想确定癌症患者对奈非那韦的耐受量是否高于目前艾滋病患者的用量。丹尼斯说:“目前还从未在人体中试验过奈非那韦的最大耐受剂量和毒性。”尽管使用这种药可能导致患者出现类似HIV感染者出现的高血脂和高血糖症状,但丹尼斯强调这些都是可控制的状况,换句话说,对于身患不可治愈的癌症的患者而言,这些问题并不是最主要的。他说:“如果我们的试验没有引发严重的骨髓抑制和威胁生命的感染,我们将非常高兴。”
将一种治疗药物用于另一种疾病治疗的想法和做法正在逐步实施,例如,科学家们正在测试HIV药物是否也可用于对付SARS病毒、抗疟疾药物氯喹是否有抗癌症潜能。丹尼斯则希望能够实施一个新计划,将美国食品和药物管理局批准的每一种药物都用于肿瘤试验。
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美科学家发现中国草药青蒿素可抗癌
华盛顿大学生物工程系研究教授赖亨利教授和助理研究教授纳伦德拉星在离体实验中证实,从中草药艾蒿(学名Artemesia annua )中提炼的青蒿素(artemisinin)具有神奇的杀死癌细胞的能力。其页面见图1。和青蒿素接触16个小时以后,乳腺癌细胞几乎全部被杀死。赖教授称:“它不但有效,而且选择性非常强。对癌细胞有很高的毒性,但对正常细胞的影响很小。”它有可能成为无毒的抗癌药。
  提炼青蒿素的艾蒿我国几千年前就将它作为抗疟疾药使用,后来失传。在20世纪七十年代的考古发掘中重新发现包含它的古方,研制出我国独特的抗疟药青蒿素,青蒿素属于我国建国以后对世界卫生所作的贡献之一。青蒿素在亚洲和非洲广泛用于治疗蚊源性疾病。
  青蒿素之所以能够控制疟疾,是因为它能够在疟原虫内部的高铁浓度发生反应。青蒿素和铁接触以后,马上发生化学反应,由此产生称为“自由基”的带电原子。自由基向细胞膜发起攻击,冲破以后就杀死单细胞疟原虫。
  根据这样的理解,大约七年前,赖亨利开始提出这种方法可能具有治疗癌症效果的假设。
  他解释说:“癌症细胞分裂时需要大量铁质才能复制DNA,因此癌细胞的铁质含量比正常细胞高出多。我们开始了解青蒿素素的工作特性以后,我就想我们是否可以利用这种知识将目标对准癌细胞。”
  赖教授设计了一种方法并寻求研究资金的资助。他从乳腺癌基金会获得了研究经费,华盛顿大学为他的构想申请了专利。
  根据赖亨利和纳伦德拉星的说法,这个概念的突破点在于通过泵的作用极大限度提高癌细胞的铁浓度,然后引入青蒿素素有选择性地杀死癌细胞。为了使铁摄入的速度大于正常细胞,癌细胞表面聚集了更多的铁传递蛋白受体,它们是让铁进入细胞的细胞通路。乳腺癌细胞也不例外,在它们的表面的铁传递蛋白受体比正常乳腺细胞高5至15倍。
  在当前的研究中,研究人员将若干组乳腺癌细胞和正常乳腺细胞和全铁传递蛋白(和铁传递蛋白受体结合以后将铁传送到细胞内部)、去氢铁传递蛋白以及这两种化合物的组合接触。只接触一种化合物的细胞没有产生明显的作用。和两种化合物同时接触的正常细胞反应也很小。但是先和铁传递蛋白接触,然后和去氢铁传递蛋白接触的癌细胞是反应极大。
  8小时以后,只剩下25%癌细胞。16小时过去以后,几乎所有癌细胞都死亡了,如图2所示。
  在这以前,曾经以白血病细胞为对象的研究取得的效果更好。白血病细胞在八个小时内就被消灭,可能的解释是白血病细胞中的铁质含量高。
  赖教授解释说:“白血病细胞是癌细胞中铁含量最高的。其铁浓度可以比正常细胞高1000倍”。
  下一步将进行动物试验。已经做了一些试验。例如一只患有严重骨癌的狗已经不能行走,在接受这种治疗以后5天就完全恢复。但是需要做更加严格的试验。赖教授认为如果顺利,某些癌症治疗的方法将发生革命性变化。目标是要研制能够为门诊病人接受的口服抗癌药。成本非常低,一剂大约为2美元。从数以百万剂的服用苦艾素的疟疾病人的跟踪记录来看,是非常安全的。
  赖教授说:“令人感到神奇的是这是中国人几千年以前就使用的东西。我们只是找到了一种不同的应用而已。”
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Artemisinin: A Cancer Smart Bomb
Sunday, July 31, 2011 by: Len Saputo
/033182_artemisinin_cancer.html
(NaturalNews) There is an epidemic of cancer in the world, and this epidemic is not under control. With the signing of the National Cancer Act of 1971 by then US President Richard Nixon, the war against cancer was officially declared. Some 40 years later, we have spent hundreds of billions of dollars on cancer research and the return on this investment has been negligible. Cancer remains a major killer for more than 500,000 US citizens every year and nothing on the horizon looks promising to change this scenario.
Part of the reason for this is that cancer treatment has become more of a business manipulated by Big Pharma than a service that cures cancer. The bottom line is about return on investment, not about service or helping people.
There are a wide range of natural products that cannot be patented that have potential to treat cancer. You would think that the National Institutes of Health (NIH) would sponsor research on these chemicals because it is supported by public funds and should therefore be responsive to public need. It may surprise you that complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) research represents less than 1% of the research dollars spent by the NIH. Who, then, is committed to doing the research of the people that Big Pharma will not support because it has no return on investment? Also consider that Big Pharma spends twice as much ($92 billion per year) as NIH.
One of these natural products is wormwood extract, or artemisinin. This herb had been used by the Chinese for thousands of years for treating malaria before it was lost. It was rediscovered in 1970 and has slowly returned to clinical use, especially for drug resistant falciparum malaria, but also for treatment of most cancers.
Artemisinin contains two oxygen atoms hooked together that break down in the presence of iron, by creating very reactive free radicals that kill malaria parasites and cancer cells. Both cancer cells and malaria parasites sequester iron, accumulating as much as 1000 times what normal cells store. Giving artemisinin to people with malaria or cancer results in destruction of these abnormal cells and leaves normal cells unaffected. Artemisinin is a cancer bomb!
Generally, chemotherapy is toxic to both cancer cells and normal cells. In the case of artemisi only the cancer cells are damaged. In more than 4000 case studies, no significant toxicity from artemisinin has been found, which makes it far different than conventional chemotherapy.
Results from clinical trials are conspicuously absent. However, there a numerous individual case reports suggesting that artemisinin works in vitro (in test tubes) and in both animals and human beings with far advanced cancer. I would suggest reviewing the work of Christina L. White's two part series on Cancer Smart Bomb at http://www.mwt.net/~drbrewer/canart....
There are three forms of artemisinin: artemisinin, artesunate, and artemether. All are absorbed well after oral intake and cross the blood brain barrier. They are best absorbed on an empty stomach. The intestine builds up resistance to absorbing, so it is wise to only take the drug for a few days and then stopping for a few days as this resistance is reversible.
Artemisinin and its derivatives offer the possibility of using a non-toxic form of chemotherapy that is inexpensive and readily available. Because of its excellent safety profile, it should be a consideration for cancer treatment when conventional treatments have failed or when people refuse conventional therapies. For more information check out our video on NaturalNews.tv at
About the author:
Len Saputo, MD is board certified in internal medicine and is in private practice focused on integrative, holistic, person-centered care at the Health Medicine Center (/a/healt...) in Walnut Creek, CA. Dr. Saputo is the founder of the Health Medicine Forum (/a/healt...) and the author, with Byron Belitsos, of the Nautilus Gold Award winning book, &A Return to Healing: Radical Health Care Reform and the Future of Medicine& (/a/a-return-...). He and his wife, Vicki, have hosted KEST radio's &Prescriptions for Health& show that airs daily for more than a decade.
Dr. Saputo's highly interactive health and wellness website
has more than 1500 audio and video media files that are organized and targeted to address your specific and unique health issues. Take the free Health and Wellness Assessment Survey on the home page and experience how his surveys on a wide range of health care conditions provide immediate personalized integrative suggestions for your health challenges!
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青蒿素及其衍生物抗肿瘤作用
源自: /new/53a273aayuchan16242.shtml
  中药青蒿属菊科植物,青蒿素是青蒿叶中分离的抗 疟有效成份,具有过氧基团的倍半萜内酯,是我国首先发现的新构型的抗疟药,体内代谢活性产物为双氢青蒿素,抗疟活性高,毒性小。目前青蒿素类衍生物有:双 氢青蒿素、蒿甲醚、蒿乙醚及青蒿琥酯。药动学研究证实青蒿素类药物在体内吸收快,分布广,排泄快。毒理学证实其毒副作用轻微,毒性主要靶器官为骨髓,可致 造血抑制;其次是内脏,可致胃肠、肝、肾广泛淤血,严重中毒可出现胃肠粘膜、肝肾实质损伤。急性毒性作用最敏感的变化指标是外周血网织红细胞减少和血清碱 性磷酸酶(A L P)升高,并有明显的量效关系。长期大量用药主要可致中枢神经系统毒性及心肌受损。有研究证实青蒿素类药物无明显的致突变作用。药理学 研究证实青蒿素具有抗疟、抗血吸虫、抗孕及抗肿瘤等多方面的作用,目前临床上主要用于抗疟治疗。青蒿素类药物抗疟作用机制的早期研究观察到药物作用于原虫 的膜系结构,如食物泡、表膜和线粒体、核膜和内网质等,阻断疟原虫摄取营养而导致氨基酸饥饿,同时迅速形成自噬泡并不断排出体外,致使疟原虫损失大量胞浆 而死。后又发现血色素中含有二价铁能催化分解药物的过氧基,生成羧化自由基,从而引起生化反应而导致疟原虫死亡。近年青蒿素类药物具有选择性烷化蛋白质的 作用已被大量实验所证实,被认为是导致虫体死亡的重要原因。青蒿素类药物除用于抗疟外,还可以调节机体免疫功能。在对小鼠免疫功能的影响中观察发现:青蒿 琥酯对体液免疫有抑制作
  用,明显抑制工一Ⅳ型过敏反应,但对细胞免疫有促进作用,可促进巨噬细胞的吞噬作用,杀伤肿瘤细胞,促进分泌白介素2(IL一2)等。近年来发现青蒿素及其衍生物具有明显的抗肿瘤活性,有望成为抗肿瘤治疗的新成员,现将其抗肿瘤作用及其机理研究综述如下。
  1.抗肿瘤作用
  1991 年我国学者报道了青蒿素衍生物对白血病P388细胞、肝癌细胞SMMC一7721及人胃癌细胞SGC一7901有选择性杀伤活性。此后国内外的研究证实了 青蒿素类药物对白血病、结肠癌、黑色素瘤、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、前列腺癌等均有杀伤作用l8,9J。美国华盛顿大学的Lai研究员及Singh副研究员发现, 青蒿素对乳腺癌细胞有明显杀伤作用。在生命科学杂志(LS)刊出的一项研究报告描述青蒿素在16 h内几乎将所有与之接触的人乳腺癌细胞杀死。杨小平等 ul2_采用体外实验证实青蒿琥酯钠对人宫颈癌(HeLa)细胞、人低分化鳞状上皮鼻咽癌(CNE2及SUNE-1)细胞3种人肿瘤细胞体外有杀伤作用, 半数抑制浓度(IC5o)分别为42.7μg/mL、101.6 μg/mL、1.29 μg/mL;对杂种小鼠的3种移植性肿瘤有体内抑瘤作用,在每天 50 mg·kg 和100 mg·kg- 的剂量下静脉给药对S-180、肝癌及LII抑瘤率分别为: % 一53%、21%-49%及42% 58% ,在每天150 mg·kg-1 及300 mg·kg 剂量下灌胃给药对uI和裸鼠移植人鼻咽癌(CNE2及SUNE一1)亦有肯定抑瘤作用,抑瘤率 分别为42.4% ~71.4% 、25% ~42% 及30% ~50%林芳等研究青蒿素及其衍生物青蒿琥酯对人乳腺癌MCF一7细胞增殖的影响并探讨 其作用机制。
  结果显示10μmol/L青蒿素和1 μmol/L青蒿琥酯能明显改变MCF一7细胞的细胞周期,使s期细胞显著减少,G0+Gl期 细胞明显增加。青蒿素对MCF一7细胞增殖仅有微弱抑制作用,但其衍生物青蒿琥酯却表现出显著的抑制作用,IC50为0.31μmol/L。 1 μmol/L青蒿琥酯引起MCF一7细胞的凋亡和直接的细胞毒作用明显强于10 μmol/L青蒿素的作用。说明对肿瘤细胞增殖的抑制青蒿琥酯比青蒿 素作用强。此外,青蒿琥酯具有放疗和化疗增敏作用。青蒿琥酯可抑制人宫颈癌HeLa细胞生长,ICso为37 t,#mL,在乏氧条件下,ICso为 30~g/mL,青蒿琥酯在10 tc/mL辐射增敏比(SER)为1.32,在30 t,#mL的SER为2.00,而对照组以第一代放疗增敏感剂咪嗦 哒唑(MISO)治疗,其SER为1.39,在乏氧条件下,1 mmol/L MISO对HeLa增殖抑制率与30 t,#mL的青蒿琥酯作用相似,而在 富氧条件下,1 mmol/L MISO对HeLa增殖抑制率低于30 g/mL青蒿琥酯的杀伤作用,说明青蒿琥酯具有一定的放疗增敏作用 。同时,青蒿 素与传统化疗药如阿霉素等作用机制不同,无交叉耐药,且通过抑制谷胱苷肽-S-转移酶的活性,可逆转肿瘤细胞对化疗药的多药抗性,在理论上应与传统化疗有 协同增效作用。
  2.抗肿瘤机理研究
  目前大多数研究认为青蒿素及其衍生物的抗肿瘤作用主要是通过诱导凋亡,但其促凋亡机制尚未完 全明了。双氢青蒿素对人乳腺癌MCF7细胞有很强的抑制作用,ICso为0.26 panol/L。流式细胞仪测定细胞周期发现,1 panol/L双氢 青蒿素作用24 h后,MCF7细胞被阻滞在G0+Gl期,s期细胞显著减少。说明双氢青蒿素抑制MCF7细胞增殖的机制之一是将细胞滞留在G0+Gl期 _l 。但亦有其他研究显示了不同结果。周晋等研究了青蒿素对人白血病细胞株NB4、K562和原代APL细胞的影响及可能机制,结果显示青蒿素对 NB4、K562和APL细胞的增殖明显抑制,其抗肿瘤机制有凋亡和胀亡两种,且细胞凋亡率随药物浓度增高而增加,随药物作用时间的延长而增加。流式细胞 仪测定结果显示青蒿素将细胞阻滞在G2+M期。作者认为白血病细胞膜是青蒿素作用的靶点 艺一,青蒿素可使白血病细胞内钙升高,致白血病细胞凋亡。青蒿素 同时通过开放某些细胞膜上的离: 通道,使细胞内钙浓度增加,激活caspase非依赖性细胞死亡形式,在没有三磷酸腺苷(ATP)缺乏时发生胀亡。董海 鹰等_研究青蒿素对体外培养的白血病K562细胞的凋亡诱导作用及机制,认为青蒿素对K562细胞明显的促凋亡机制可能与抑制内向整流钾电流有关,使线粒 体跨膜电位下降,导致促凋亡物质的释放激活,使细胞凋亡。分析以上研究可知,无论青蒿素类药物是使肿瘤细胞滞留在G0+G。期还是在G2+M期,亦无论其 促凋亡机制如何,诱导调亡是其发挥抗肿瘤作用的关键。
  近年来,对青蒿素所致凋亡的分子机制也进行了探讨。王勤等在研究青蒿琥酯对肝癌细 胞的诱导凋亡机制时,发现青蒿琥酯下调增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)和BCL一2基因的表达,上调BAX基因表达,而BCL一2和BAX基因参与调控诱导癌 细胞凋亡的P53非依赖性途径,故认为其凋亡的分子机制是P53非依赖性的。杨小平等的研究也证实了上述结论:肝癌细胞(BEL一7402)经青蒿琥酯处 理后可诱导人肝癌细胞(BEL一7402)凋亡,肝癌细胞中P53、P21蛋白表达水平无明显变化,而bc1—2蛋白表达水平降低.即与P53、P21无 关,而与凋亡调节基因bcl-2下调有关。
  也有研究认为其抗肿瘤作用可能与抗疟机制相似,需Fe2 的参与。青蒿素类药物中的过氧基团 可通过与亚铁原子反应产生自由基或亲电子中间产物,而杀伤肿瘤细胞。美国华盛顿大学 曾提出如下假设:因为癌细胞需要铁才能在分裂时复制DNA,因此,癌 细胞含铁量比普通细胞高很多。如能大大提高癌细胞的含铁量,则癌细胞可被青蒿素选择性杀死。进一步研究发现添加转铁蛋白能提高双氢青蒿素对人乳腺癌细胞 ttTB27的杀伤能力,而对正常人乳腺细胞TB125没有明显的细胞毒作用。国内研究也发现外源添加FeC1 350~150μmol·L 可使双氢青 蒿素对人乳腺癌MCF7细胞的生长抑制率提高约30% ~50%。这种杀伤作用是否与铁离子参与青蒿素类药物的自由基产生过程,从而导致细胞坏死增多有 关,值得进一步研究。同时青蒿素具有选择性烷化蛋白质的作用,这可能与青蒿素结合了癌细胞内特殊的靶蛋白受体,从而导致肿瘤细胞死亡有关。这也可能是其抗 癌的重要机制之一。
  综上所述,青蒿素类药物用于治疗疟疾已有上千年历史,在化学结构上有一定的新颖性,具有低毒、价廉等优点,尤其是其毒 副作用明显低于传统化疗药物,而近年来的体内外实验证实了青蒿素类药物显著的抗瘤活性。青蒿素类药物有可能成为具有临床应用价值的抗癌新药,但对其作用机 制和抗肿瘤活性作用仍需进行深入的研究
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Nature:鼠模型显示抗疟药氯喹可减缓胰腺癌生长....
Cancer biology: Malaria drug shrinks tumours
Journal name: Nature& &Volume: 472,Page:8 Date published07 April 2011)
Published online06 April 2011To grow and divide, pancreatic-cancer cells must devour their own contents — an Achilles heel that could render them susceptible to the antimalaria drug chloroquine.
'Autophagy' is the regulated degradation of cellular structures and molecules. Alec Kimmelman of Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts, and his colleagues found that pancreatic-tumour cells have high levels of autophagy. When the researchers reduced expression of the protein ATG5, which is required for autophagy, pancreatic-cancer cells showed signs of stress, including DNA damage and altered metabolism.
/nature/journal/v472/n7341/full/472008b.html
Malaria Drug Slows Pancreatic Cancer Growth in Mouse Models
ScienceDaily (Mar. 15, 2011) — Dana-Farber Cancer Institute scientists report they have shrunk or slowed the growth of notoriously resistant pancreatic tumors in mice, using a drug routinely prescribed for malaria and rheumatoid arthritis.
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The pre-clinical results, which will appear in the April issue of the journal Genes & Development and is currently published on its web site, have already prompted the opening of a small clinical trial in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, one of the deadliest and hardest-to-treat forms of cancer, said the investigators, led by Alec Kimmelman, MD, PhD, a radiation oncologist at Dana-Farber.
&We are seeing robust and impressive responses in pancreatic cancer mouse models,& said Kimmelman, whose laboratory specializes in studies of pancreatic cancer, the fourth-leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The oral drug, hydroxychloroquine, is inexpensive, widely available, and causes relatively mild side effects, he said. A second, planned clinical trial will combine the drug with radiation.
&While these findings are indeed exciting and a cause for optimism, one needs to be mindful that so far the effects, while impressive, have only been shown in mice,& said Ronald DePinho, MD, director of the Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science at Dana-Farber. &I eagerly await to see how the human studies will progress.&
A new treatment avenue would be extremely welcome in pancreatic cancer. The National Cancer Institute estimates that 43,140 people were diagnosed in 2010 and 36,800 died. Despite some recent gains with targeted molecular agents and combination regimens, only about 6 percent of patients live five years, and the median survival is less than six months.
Hydroxychloroquine is a form of the drug chloroquine, which is used to prevent and treat malaria and also prescribed for autoimmune diseases, including lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. These compounds have recently stirred much interest in cancer research, because they inhibit a process called autophagy (from the Greek for &self-eating&) that is elevated in cancer cells.
Autophagy is present in normal cells as well, but at a much lower level. The process enables cells to break down and eliminate proteins, such as damaged cell membranes and worn-out organelles like mitochondria. But it is also a survival strategy. When nutrients are scarce, cells can digest and feed on their own non-critical proteins to avoid starvation.
Cancer cells also use autophagy to outwit chemotherapy treatment. Research has shown that cancer cells can activate this process in response to a variety of cancer treatments, allowing them to survive during the stress of therapy. But, as Kimmelman noted, autophagy can also be a cell-death mechanism. Cancer researchers are intensely studying -- and debating -- how to manipulate autophagy as a potential method to slow tumors' growth or make them more sensitive to other therapies.
In their research reported in Genes & Development, Kimmelman and colleagues were stunned to find that autophagy was turned on at all times in pancreatic cancer cell lines -- not just under conditions of stress, treatment or starvation. &This was a big surprise,& he said. &These cells weren't d they were swimming in all the nutrients they could ever want.& This suggested that for some unknown reason, pancreas tumors are highly dependent on autophagy, and therefore potentially uniquely good candidates for autophagy-inhibiting treatment.
In their next experiments, the team administered chloroquine to several different pancreatic cancer cell cultures, and also tested its effects in three types of mouse models. In the laboratory cultures, they reported, the drug &markedly decreased& the growth of the tumor cells, showing that the cells were heavily dependent on autophagy to for continued growth.
In vivo testing involved three types of mouse models -- human pancreatic cancer cells placed under the rodents' skin (xenografts); human cells injected into the animals' pancreases (orthotopic transplants); and a genetic model (mice bioengineered to develop native pancreatic tumors).
The response to chloroquine was &profound& in the xenograft models, Kimmelman said: All eight untreated mice died of their cancer within 140 days, while only one of eight treated mice had died by 180 days.
The drug's effects were less dramatic but still impressive in the orthotopic and genetic mouse models, the researchers said. The tumors that developed in the genetically pancreatic cancer-prone mice were, like their equivalent in human patients, extremely resistant to all treatments. Among other properties, these tumors were embedded in tough, fibrous tissue that is difficult for drugs to penetrate.
Nevertheless, the scientists reported that chloroquine treatment as a single agent increased the rodents' survival by 27 days compared with untreated control mice. This is encouraging, Kimmelman commented, because even the newest targeted drugs aimed at pancreatic cancer &don't have much effect in this genetic mouse model.&
The Dana-Farber trial of hydroxychloroquine, led by Kimmelman and oncologist Brian Wolpin, MD, is designed to enroll 36 pancreatic cancer patients in whom first- or second-line treatments have failed. The drug is taken in pill form twice a day. Results won't become available for at least a year, said Kimmelman.
Kimmelman said the next step will be to investigate the combination of hydroxychloroquine with radiation in patients with operable pancreatic cancer.
&This is a very interesting and promising approach, attacking the Achilles' heel in pancreatic cancer's defenses,& commented Robert Mayer, MD, of Dana-Farber's Center for Gastrointestinal Oncology. &But it's too early to say whether hydroxychloroquine should be added to chemotherapy, and what the risks and benefits might be, so we want to examine it in a clinical trial.&
Kimmelman's lab is also investigating other forms of cancer that might be good candidates for inhibition of autophagy by the drug. He said that their work, as well as recent findings from other labs, suggests that those cancers may be ones that are primarily driven by the KRAS oncogene -- as nearly all pancreatic tumors are.
Funding was provided by Dana-Farber, the Friends of Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, the Sidney Kimmel Foundation, and the AACR-Pancreatic Cancer Action Network.
/releases/.htm
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疟原虫感染可能用于肺癌的免疫治疗
中科院广州生物医药与健康研究院与广州医学院的研究人员在肺癌免疫治疗实验研究取得新进展。相关论文在线发表于美国《公共科学图书馆—综合》(PLoS ONE)杂志上。
中科院广州生物医药与健康研究院感染与免疫研究中心的陈小平研究员与广州医学院呼吸疾病研究所钟南山院士为这篇文章的共同通讯作者。这一研究得到了国家自然科学基金(No. ),呼吸疾病国家重点实验室以及中国科学院佛山产业技术创新与育成中心的资金资助。
肺癌是发病率和病死率增长最快,对人类健康和生命威胁最大的恶性肿瘤之一。近年来,在人们不断探索的肿瘤治疗新方法中,免疫治疗是一种治疗肺癌的有效新方法。它是通过刺激免疫系统来抵抗癌症,也称生物治疗。自从1982年,国外学者提出生物反应调节剂概念以来,肿瘤的免疫治疗日益受到国内外学者重视。一些肿瘤学家把免疫治疗称为继手术疗法、放射疗法和化学疗法之后的第4种肿瘤治疗模式。
在这篇文章中,研究人员提出了一种新的肺癌免疫治疗策略:疟原虫感染。在体内实验中研究人员证实疟原虫感染(疟疾)能显著抑制小鼠肺癌(Lewis肺癌)的生长和转移,显著延长荷瘤小鼠的生存时间。小鼠肿瘤组织分析结果表明疟原虫感染明显抑制了肿瘤细胞增殖,促进了肿瘤细胞凋亡,抑制了肿瘤血管的生成。研究人员还通过细胞因子分析、酶联免疫分析及流式细胞仪等一系列生物化学和细胞生物学实验证实疟原虫感染激活了机体天然免疫系统,诱导产生了大量的IFN-γ和TNF-α等,明显增强NK细胞的杀伤活性。此外,还证实疟原虫感染诱导机体产生了肿瘤局部及全身系统性的肿瘤特异性免疫反应,从而使大约10%荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤完全消退,并能长期保存有效的肿瘤特异性免疫记忆。在进一步的研究中,他们还发现疟原虫感染与肺癌DNA疫苗联合应用有明显的协同作用。
该项研究表明,疟原虫感染通过激活天然免疫和特异性免疫反应抑制肿瘤血管生成,进而抑制肿瘤生长和转移。该研究有着积极的应用前景,即疟原虫感染可能用于肺癌的免疫治疗,也可能作为携带肿瘤抗原的新载体用于开发新型有效的治疗性肺癌疫苗。
Antitumor Effect of Malaria Parasite Infection in a Murine Lewis Lung Cancer Model through Induction of Innate and Adaptive Immunity
Lili Chen1,3, Zhengxiang He1,3, Li Qin1,3, Qinyan Li1,3, Xibao Shi1, Siting Zhao1, Ling Chen1, Nanshan Zhong2*, Xiaoping Chen1,3*
Background
Lung cancer is the most common malignancy in humans and its high fatality means that no effective treatment is available. Developing new therapeutic strategies for lung cancer is urgently needed. Malaria has been reported to stimulate host immune responses, which are believed to be efficacious for combating some clinical cancers. This study is aimed to provide evidence that malaria parasite infection is therapeutic for lung cancer.
Methodology/Principal Findings
Antitumor effect of malaria infection was examined in both subcutaneously and intravenously implanted murine Lewis lung cancer (LLC) model. The results showed that malaria infection inhibited LLC growth and metastasis and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Histological analysis of tumors from mice infected with malaria revealed that angiogenesis was inhibited, which correlated with increased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated (TUNEL) staining and decreased Ki-67 expression in tumors. Through natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity activity, cytokine assays, enzyme-linked immunospot assay, lymphocyte proliferation, and flow cytometry, we demonstrated that malaria infection provided anti-tumor effects by inducing both a potent anti-tumor innate immune response, including the secretion of IFN-γ and TNF-α and the activation of NK cells as well as adaptive anti-tumor immunity with increasing tumor-specific T-cell proliferation and cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells. Notably, tumor-bearing mice infected with the parasite developed long-lasting and effective tumor-specific immunity. Consequently, we found that malaria parasite infection could enhance the immune response of lung cancer DNA vaccine pcDNA3.1-hMUC1 and the combination produced a synergistic antitumor effect.
Conclusions/Significance
Malaria infection significantly suppresses LLC growth via induction of innate and adaptive antitumor responses in a mouse model. These data suggest that the malaria parasite may provide a novel strategy or therapeutic vaccine vector for anti-lung cancer immune-based therapy
http://www.plosone.org/article/i ... ournal.pone.0024407
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避孕药能防癌?避孕药,你不知道的5件事 18:47:46
[p=26, null, left]  (作者:李文思 复旦大学临床药学博士,曾在《家庭医生》中发表过数篇科普文章,原创作品,转载请注明出自科普中国微信公众号)[p=26, null, left]  导读[p=26, null, left]  一提起避孕药,大多数人的眉头一皱,内心的小算盘一定是:吃啥不好,非要吃避孕药,万一将来月经不调或是生不出来孩子咋办?避孕药真的是万罪之首吗?避孕药到底吃得还是吃不得?其实,关于避孕药的你不知道的事情还有很多的,下面咱就唠唠避孕药的那些事。[p=26, null, left]  [p=26, null, left]  1. 紧急、短效、长效,你吃哪一种?[p=26, null, left]  避孕药一共有三大类,每一类都有不同的服药时间要求,快来看看你吃对药没?[p=26, null, left]  1.紧急避孕药:紧急使用,性生活72小时内服用1片(也有药品需服用2片,中间间隔12小时)。[p=26, null, left]  2.短效避孕药:这类药物要求从月经周期的第一天或第五天开始服用,必须每天服用直至一个周期结束。建议每天固定时间服药,减少体内激素波动。[p=26, null, left]  3.长效避孕药:这类药物无需每天服药,只要每三个月接受一次肌肉注射即可。在国外,还可以将长效避孕药埋置于皮肤下方,减少患者无谓的就诊,增加了依从性。[p=26, null, left]  在服用任何一种避孕药之前,要详细的阅读说明书,不懂的要问医生或者药师,千万不能自己随意服药。同时建议服用短效或长效避孕药的朋友自己设置一个闹钟或者利用智能APP提醒自己按时服用药物,不要漏服药品。[p=26, null, left]  [p=26, null, left]  2. 吃了避孕药就不来“大姨妈”了?——不背,这黑锅我们不背[p=26, null, left]  有很多朋友提到避孕药就退避三舍,认为吃了避孕药会月经不调。实际上口服避孕药是雌激素和孕激素的复合制剂,可以调整体内的激素水平,反倒是具有调经的作用哟。同样的,人们认为避孕药会导致皮肤变差、痤疮,其实也是一个误区。有的痤疮是因为对雄激素敏感而导致的,这时使用口服避孕药可以治疗激素敏感的痤疮、多毛症等。[p=26, null, left]  3. 避孕药对肚子里的baby有伤害吗?——无需过度担心[p=26, null, left]  部分女性在不知道自己怀孕的情况下还使用了避孕药,担心对肚子里的胎儿有损伤,眼泪汪汪的犹豫要不要拿掉胎儿,生怕将来孩子受到影响。其实无需过度担心,目前没有临床证据表明避孕药对胎儿有不良影响,无证据表明避孕药会致畸或影响儿童之后的生长发育。[p=26, null, left]  [p=26, null, left]  4. 避孕药还能防癌?——这并不是开玩笑[p=26, null, left]  避孕药还能防癌?这不是天方夜谭吧?并不是。很多妇科肿瘤,如子宫内膜癌,与性激素分泌水平息息相关。2015年来自英国牛津大学的一项研究显示,根据过去的50年中,口服避孕药可以降低I、II型子宫内膜癌的发生率,降低相对风险为0.76,而长期使用10~15年后,服用口服避孕药妇女的患病风险比未服用妇女降低了一半。这种保护作用甚至在停药后的30年内都存在。[p=26, null, left]  科学家们认为,这是因为避孕药可能通过在卵泡期使非对抗性雌激素暴露减到最低,起到保护子宫内膜的作用,从而抑制雌激素促细胞增殖。此外,对于绝经期女性而言,绝经期激素治疗中的孕激素降低了雌激素对子宫内膜癌形成的不良影响,从而降低子宫内膜癌的发生率。研究估计,口服避孕药的使用使得约4亿小于75岁的女性免受子宫内膜癌的伤害。[p=26, null, left]  5. 既然能防癌,我就一直吃下去吧!——是药三分毒,千万别忘记它还有另一张脸[p=26, null, left]  任何的药物都有一定的副作用,避孕药的最大副作用就是可以导致静脉血栓。如果长期服用避孕药物,同时又是久坐不动的妇女,患上静脉血栓的风险非常高,甚至有可能发生肺栓塞的风险。同时,避孕药与乳腺癌发病之间的关系也并不明确。[p=26, null, left]  说了这么多,如果你有需求服用口服避孕药的话,不必谈药色变,大可以安安心心的规律服用药品。避孕药并不是妖魔鬼怪,大家也不必带着有色眼镜去看待任何一个药品。只要运用得当,正规的药品都可以服务于人们,让健康随行。/4058724.shtml?pvid=tc_blog&a=&b=%E9%81%BF%E5%AD%95%E8%8D%AF%E8%83%BD%E9%98%B2%E7%99%8C%EF%BC%9F
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