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亚洲 & 太平洋
非洲 & 中东From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the village in Iran, see . For the Israeli town, see .
METAR is a format for reporting
information. A METAR weather report is predominantly used by
in fulfillment of a part of a pre-flight weather briefing, and by , who use aggregated METAR information to assist in .
Raw METAR is the most common format in the world for the transmission of observational weather data.[] It is highly standardized through the
(ICAO), which allows it to be understood throughout most of the world.
METARs typically come from
or permanent . Reports are generated once an hour or half-hour, but if conditions change significantly, a report known as a special (SPECI) may be issued. Some METARs are encoded by
located at airports, military bases, and other sites. Some locations still use augmented observations, which are recorded by digital sensors, encoded via software, and then reviewed by certified weather observers or forecasters prior to being transmitted. Observations may also be taken by trained observers or forecasters who manually observe and encode their observations prior to transmission[].
The METAR format was introduced 1 January 1968 internationally and has been modified a number of times since.
countries continued to use a Surface Aviation Observation (SAO) for current weather conditions until 1 June 1996, when this report was replaced with an approved variant of the METAR agreed upon in a 1989
agreement. The 's (WMO) publication No. 782 "Aerodrome Reports and Forecasts" contains the base METAR code as adopted by the WMO member countries.
(FAA) lays down the definition in its publication the
as aviation routine weather report while the international authority for the code form, the WMO, holds the definition to be aerodrome routine meteorological report. The
(part of the ) and the 's
both employ the definition used by the FAA. METAR is also known as Meteorological Terminal Aviation Routine Weather Report or Meteorological Aerodrome Report.
A typical METAR contains data for the , ,
speed and direction, ,
cover and heights, , and . A METAR may also contain information on precipitation amounts, , and other information that would be of interest to pilots or meteorologists such as a
In addition, a short period forecast called a TREND may be added at the end of the METAR covering likely changes in weather conditions in the two hours following the observation. These are in the same format as a
The complement to METARs, reporting forecast weather rather than current weather, are TAFs. METARs and TAFs are used in
broadcasts.
METAR code is regulated by the World Meteorological Organization in consort with the International Civil Aviation Organization. In the United States, the code is given authority (with some U.S. national differences from the WMO/ICAO model) under the Federal Meteorological Handbook No. 1 (FMH-1), which paved the way for the
Manual 15-111 on Surface Weather Observations, being the authoritative document for the U.S. Armed Forces. A very similar code form to the METAR is the SPECI. Both codes are defined at the technical regulation level in WMO Technical Regulation No. 49, Vol II, which is copied over to the WMO Manual No. 306 and to ICAO Annex III.
Although the general format of METARs is a global standard, the specific fields used within that format vary somewhat between general international usage and usage within North America. Note that there may be minor differences between countries using the international codes as there are between those using the North American conventions. The two examples which follow illustrate the primary differences between the two METAR variations.
The following is an example METAR from
in , . It was taken on 4 February 2005 at 16:00
METAR LBBG 012MPS 090V150 00N R22/P1500U +SN BKN022 OVC050 M04/M07 Q1020 NOSIG 8849//91=
METAR indicates that the following is a standard hourly observation.
LBBG is the
041600Z indicates the time of the observation. It is the day of the month (the 4th) followed by the time of day (1600 , which equals 4:00 pm ).
12012MPS indicates the
is from 120° () at a speed of 12  (23 ; 27  44 km/h). Speed measurements can be in knots (abbreviated KT) or meters per second (abbreviated MPS).
090V150 indicates the wind direction is varying from 90° true (east) to 150° true (south-southeast).
1400 indicates the
is 1,400 m (4,600 ft).
R04/P1500N indicates the Runway Visual Range (RVR) along
04 is 1,500 m (4,900 ft) and not changing significantly.
R22/P1500U indicates RVR along runway 22 is 1,500 m (4,900 ft) and rising.
+SN indicates
is falling at a heavy intensity. If any precipitation begins with a minus or plus (-/+), it's either light or heavy.
BKN022 indicates a broken (over half the sky) cloud layer with its base at 2,200 ft (670 m)
(AGL). The lowest "BKN" or "OVC" layer specifies the .
OVC050 indicates an unbroken cloud layer (overcast) with its base at 5,000 ft (1,500 m) above ground level (AGL).
M04/M07 indicates the temperature is -4 °C (25 °F) and the dew point is -7 °C (19 °F). An M in front of the number indicates that the temperature/dew point is
(0) Celsius.
Q1020 indicates the current
(in ) is 1,020  (30.12 ).
NOSIG is an example of a TREND forecast which is appended to METARs at stations while a forecaster is on watch. NOSIG means that no significant change is expected to the reported conditions within the next 2 hours.
8849//91 indicates the condition of the runway:
88 indicates either a specific runway (e.g. 25 = Rwy 25 or 25L; adding 50 will indicate Right Runway) or all the airport's runways ("88").
99 indicates repetition of the last message as no new information received.
Some locations will report the runway using 3 characters (e.g. 25L)
4 means the runway is coated with dry snow
9 means 51% to 100% of the runway is covered
// means the thickness of the coating was either not measurable or not affecting usage of the runway
91 means the braking index is bad, in other words the tires have bad grip on the runway
CAVOK is an abbreviation for Ceiling And Visibility OKay, indicating no cloud below 5,000 ft (1,500 m) or the highest minimum sector altitude and no
at any level, a visibility of 10 km (6 mi) or more and no significant weather change.
= indicates the end of the METAR
North American METARs deviate from the WMO (who write the code on behalf of ICAO) FM 15-XII code. Details are listed in the FAA's Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM), but the non-compliant elements are mostly based on the use of non-standard units of measurement. This METAR example is from
near , , and was taken on 5 December 2003 at 18:53 UTC.
METAR KTTN 011KT 1/2SM VCTS SN FZFG BKN003 OVC010 M02/M02 A3006 RMK AO2 TSB40 SLP176 P17=
METAR indicates that the following is a standard hourly observation.
KTTN is the ICAO identifier for the Trenton-Mercer Airport.
051853Z indicates the day of the month is the 5th and the time of day is 1853 Zulu/UTC, 6:53PM GMT, or 1:53PM .
04011KT indicates the wind is from 040° true (north east) at 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph). In the United States, the wind direction must have a 60° or greater variance for variable wind direction to be reported and the wind speed must be greater than 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph).
1/2SM indicates the prevailing visibility is 1/2 mi (800 m) SM = statute .
VCTS indicates a
(TS) in the vicinity (VC), which means from 5–10 mi (8–16 km).
SN indicates snow is falling at
a preceding plus or minus sign (+/-) indicates heavy or light precipitation. Without a +/- sign, moderate precipitation is assumed.
FZFG indicates the presence of freezing .
BKN003 OVC010 indicates a broken (5/8 to 7/8 of the sky covered) cloud layer at 300 ft (91 m)
(AGL) and an overcast (8/8 of the sky covered) layer at 1,000 ft (300 m).
M02/M02 indicates the temperature is -2 °C (28 °F) and the dew point is -2 °C (28 °F). An M in front of the number indicates that the temperature/dew point is "minus", i.e., below zero (0) Celsius.
A3006 indicates the altimeter setting is 30.06 inHg (1,018 hPa).
RMK indicates the remarks section follows.
Note that what follows are not part of standard observations outside of the United States and can vary significantly.
AO2 indicates that the station is automated with a precipitation discriminator (rain/snow) sensor. Stations that aren't equipped with a rain/snow sensor are designated AO1.
TSB40 indicates the thunderstorm began at 40 minutes past the hour at 1840 Zulu/UTC, 6:40 p.m. GMT, or 1:40 p.m. Eastern Standard Time.
SLP176 indicates the current barometric pressure extrapolated to sea level is 1,017.6 hPa (30.05 inHg).
P0002 indicates that 0.02 inches (0.5 mm) of -equivalent precipitation accumulated during the last hour.
T is a breakdown of the temperature and dew point in eight digits separated into two groups of four. The first four digits (1017) indicate the temperature. The first digit (1) designates above or below zero Celsius (0=above zero 1=below zero). The next three digits in the group "017" give the temperature in degrees and tenths of a degree Celsius, -01.7 °C (28.9 °F). The last four digits "1017" indicate the dew point, -01.7 °C (28.9 °F). Note: ASOS software, as of this update, uses whole degrees in °F to compute the °C values in this group.[]
= indicates the end of the METAR.
In Canada, RMK is followed by a description of the cloud layers and opacities, in eighths (). For example, CU5 would indicate a cumulus layer with 5/8 opacity.
is reported by the number of '' (eighths) of the sky that is occupied by cloud.
This is reported as:
Abbreviation
"No cloud/Sky clear" used worldwide but in North America is used to indicate a human generated report
"No clouds below 12,000 ft (3,700 m) (U.S.) or 25,000 ft (7,600 m) (Canada)", used mainly within North America and indicates a station that is at least partly automated
"No (nil) significant cloud", i.e., none below 5,000 ft (1,500 m) and no
or . Not used in North America.
"Few" = 1–2 oktas
"Scattered" = 3–4 oktas
"Broken" = 5–7 oktas
"" = 8 oktas, i.e., full cloud coverage
Clouds cannot be seen because of fog or heavy precipitation, so vertical visibility is given instead.
METARs can be expressed concisely using so-called aviation flight categories, which indicates what classes of flight can operate at each airport by referring to the visibility and ceiling in each METAR. Four categories are used in the U.S.:
Visibility
& 5 mi
and & ;ft AGL
Marginal VFR
Between 3 and 5 mi
and/or Between 1,000 and 3,000 ft AGL
1 mi or more but less than 3 mi
and/or 500 ft or more but less than 1,000 ft
& 1 mi
and/or & 500 ft
METAR abbreviations used in the WX section. Remarks section will also include began and end times of the weather events.
Codes before remarks will be listed as "-RA" for "light rain". Codes listed after remarks may be listed as "RAB15E25" for "Rain began at 15 minutes after the top of the last hour and ended at 25 minutes after the top of the last hour."
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
Light intensity
Moderate intensity
Heavy intensity
In the vicinity
Descriptor
Shallow (French: Mince)
Descriptor
Patches (French: Bancs)
Low drifting
Descriptor
Descriptor
Thunderstorm
Precipitation
Precipitation
Snow Grains
Precipitation
Ice Crystals
Ice Pellets
Precipitation
Hail (French: Grêle)
Small Hail and/or Snow Pellets (French: Grésil)
Precipitation
Unknown Precipitation
Obscuration
Volcanic Ash
Obscuration
Mist (French: Brume)
Obscuration
Widespread Dust
Smoke (French: Fumée)
Obscuration
Dust or Sand Whirls
Funnel Cloud
Began At Time
Ended At Time
Minutes of current hour
Hour/Minutes Zulu Time
The following METAR abbreviations are used in the United S some are used worldwide:
METAR and TAF Abbreviations and Acronyms:
Abbreviation
Abbreviation
maintenance check indicator
indicator that visua separator between temperature and dew point data.
aircraft mishap
altocumulus standing
airport location point
All Quadrants (Official)
All Quadrants (Unofficial)
automated station without precipitation discriminator
automated station with precipitation discriminator
approximately
airport traffic
fully automated report
center (with reference to runway designation)
cumulonimbus
cloud-cloud lightning
cloud-ground lightning
cloud-height indicator
sky condition at secondary location not available
continuous
correction to a previously disseminated observation
dissipating
dispatch visual range
east, ended, estimated ceiling (SAO)
filed but impracticable to transmit
first observation after a break in coverage at manual station
Federal Meteorological Handbook No.1, Surface Weather Observations & Reports (METAR)
Federal Meteorological Handbook No.2, Surface Synoptic Codes
Frost On The Indicator
freezing rain sensor not available
increasing
intermittent
left (with reference to runway designation)
last observation before a break in coverage at a manual station
Local Standard Time
minus, less than
routine weather report provided at fixed intervals
moved/moving/movement
not applicable
no SPECI reports are taken at the station
occasional
Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology
indicates greater than the highest reportable value
precipitation amount not available
falling rapidly
rising rapidly
precipitation identifier sensor not available
right (with reference to runway designation),
Routine Delayed (late) observation
reportable value
system values not available
surface, i.e., ground level)
not available
snow increasing rapidly
Snow on the ground
an unscheduled report taken when certain criteria have been met
information not available
visibility at secondary location not available
visual range
Working Group for Surface Observations
wind shift
Zulu, i.e.,
Additional METAR numeric codes listed after RMK.
Description
6 hour maximum temperature. Follows RMK with five digits starting with 1. Second digit is 0 for positive and 1 for negative. The last 3 digits equal the temperature in tenths.
This example value equals -23.4 °C.
6 hour minimum temperature. Follows RMK with five digits starting with 2. Second digit is 0 for positive and 1 for negative. The last 3 digits equal the temperature in tenths.
This example value equals 12.3 °C (54 °F).
Total snow depth in inches. Follows RMK starting with 4/ and follow by 3 digit number that equals snow depth in inches.
This example value equals 12 inches of snow currently on the ground.
24-hour maximum and minimum temperature. Follows RMK with nine digits starting with 4. The second and sixth digit equals 0 for positive for 1 for negative. Digits 3–5 equal the maximum temperature in tenths and the digits 7–9 equals the minimum temperature in tenths.
This example value equals 23.4 °C (74 °F) and 12.3 °C (54 °F).
3 hour pressure tendency. Follows RMK with 5 digits starting with 5. The second digit gives the tendency. In general 0–3 is rising, 4 is steady and 5–8 is falling. The last 3 digits give the pressure change in tenths millibars in the last 3 hours.
This example indicates a rising tendency of 0.6 millibars.
3 or 6 hour precipitation amount. Follows RMK with 5 digits starting with 6. The last 4 digits are the inches of rain in hundredths. If used for the observation nearest to 00UTC, 06UTC, 12UTC, or 18UTC, it represents a 6-hour precipitation amount. If used in the observation nearest to 03UTC, 09UTC, 15UTC or 21UTC, it represents a 3-hour precipitation amount.
This example shows 1.23 inches of rain.
24-hour precipitation amount. Follows RMK with 5 digits starting with 7. The last 4 digits are the inches of rain in hundredths.
This example shows 2.46 inches of rain.
Cloud cover using WMO Code. Follows RMK starting with 8/ followed by a 3 digit number representing WMO cloud codes.
Duration of sunshine in minutes. Follows RMK with 5 digits starting with 98. The last 3 digits are the total minutes of sunshine.
This example indicates 60 minutes of sunshine.
Snowfall in the last 6-hours. Follows RMK with 6 digits starting with 931. The last 3 digits are the total snowfall in inches and tenths.
This example indicates 22.2 inches of snowfall.
Liquid water equivalent of the snow (SWE). Follows RMK with 6 digits starting with 933. The last 3 digits are the total inches in tenths.
This example indicates 2.1 inches SWE.
The following codes identify the
used in the 8/nnn part.
Low Clouds
Middle Clouds
High Clouds
(fair weather)
(filaments)
(towering)
(no anvil)
(often with )
(thickening)
(thickening)
(low in sky)
(hi in sky)
(bad weather)
(entire sky)
(with turrets)
above overcast
above overcast
. World Meteorological Organization.
. Aeronautical Information Manual.
at the Centre for Environmental Data Archival
published by the UK Met Office, p 13
Precipitation discriminators are electrically heated at sub-freezing temperatures to calculate the water equivalent of frozen precipitation and snow accumulation.
Environment Canada (2012). . < 2012.
Department of Atmospheric Sciences at Texas A&M University
 — approved by the National Weather Services Directorate of Environment Canada
Format specifications
 — U.S. Federal Meteorological Handbook No. 1 — Surface Weather Observations and Reports (September 2005). Complete documentation on the METAR format, PDF.
 — Information on METAR and TAF reports. Also provides a link to current METARs and cycle files.
Software libraries
application (with a ) that parses METAR reports.
library for METAR fetching and parsing
Current reports
Use CTRL+F to search for a station. Input four-letter ICAO identifier to .
 — Raw and decoded METARs, METAR cycles, trends and graphs for locations worldwide.
 — An easy method to check current worldwide METAR/TAF weather reports from your browser.
Current and historical reports
 — searchable by location, can view historical METARs by location.
Wind roses based on METAR data
Meteorological data and variables
Earth-based
Earth-based meteorological observation systems and
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