10-floor building constructed in 48 hours in India: Mohali house enters the record book | Daily Mail Online
Built in 48 hours: Mohali house enters the record books as the fastest built house of its kind in India
21:24 GMT, 1 December 2012
08:55 GMT, 4 December 2012
The building's designer I C Syal says tower is built to last 600 years
A team of more than 200 people worked in Mohali round the clock to build a building within its 48-hour deadline. INSTACON, the much talked about building, entered into record books as the fastest completed building of its kind in India. "We assembled the 200- tonne building, having an area of over 25,000 square meters within the stipulated time of 48 hours, whose deadline ended at 4.30 pm on Saturday," said Harpal Singh, CMD of Synergy Thrislington, a Mohali-based infrastructure company. He also showed the certificate issued by the Limca Book of Records for being the fastest 10-storey building in India. I C Syal, an ex-professor of Punjab Engineering College who designed the building, said the structure can last for 600 years. "It's a tube-in-tube structure. There will be no problem of seepage or leakage. "We also measured the building's deflection in case of strong winds and earthquakes, which comes to 49 mm as against 123 mm deflection allowed by the government for conventional buildings," Syal said. Singh added that other works, including air conditioning, lighting and making toilets functional will be taken up later
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Selected(1/4) orIt has A two-story building with 10 rooms. floor_百度知道
It has A two-story building with 10 rooms. floor
It has A two-story building with 10 rooms. floor next to a creek, small river there are some hills.Floor have a garden, the garden inside the trees, flowers and vegetables.front of the building的翻译
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t has A two-story building with 10 rooms. floor next to a creek, the garden inside the trees, flowers and vegetables.front of the building它有一个有10个房间的两层楼房, small river there are some hills.Floor have a garden。 小溪旁边有一条小溪，小河边有一些小山丘。地板有一个花园，花园里面有树
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我们会通过消息、邮箱等方式尽快将举报结果通知您。From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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by . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2017) ()
A floor is the bottom surface of a room or vehicle or even possibly the surface on which people dance, commonly referred to as a 'dance floor'. Floors vary from
in a cave to many-layered surfaces modern technology. Floors may be stone, wood, bamboo, metal or any other material that can support the expected load.
The levels of a building are often referred to as floors, although a more proper term is .
Floors typically consist of a subfloor for support and a floor covering used to give a good walking surface. In modern buildings the subfloor often has electrical wiring, plumbing, and other services built in. As floors must meet many needs, some essential to safety, floors are built to strict
in some regions.
Floors may incorporate glass, mosaic or other artistic expression.
Where a special floor structure like a
is laid upon another floor then both may be referred to as subfloors.
Special floor structures are used for a number of purposes:
, a platform projecting from a wall
, normally for noise or vibration reduction
, as in glass bottomed elevators
makes a noise when an intruder walks on it
, utilities underneath can be accessed easily
, improves the performance and safety of athletes and dancers
Floor covering is a term to generically describe any finish material applied over a floor structure to provide a walking surface. Flooring is the general term for a permanent covering of a floor, or for the work of installing such a floor covering. Both terms are used interchangeably but floor covering refers more to loose-laid materials.
Materials almost always classified as floor covering include , area , and resilient flooring such as
flooring. Materials commonly called
include , laminated wood, , , , and various seamless chemical floor coatings.
The choice of material for floor covering is affected by factors such as cost, endurance, noise insulation, comfort and cleaning effort. Some types of flooring must not be installed below grade (lower than ground level), and laminate or hardwood should be avoided where there may be moisture or condensation.
The subfloor may be finished in a way that makes it usable without any extra work, see:
cement screed or granolithic
There are a number of special features that may be used to
a floor or perform a useful service. Examples include
which provide a decorative centerpiece of a floor design, or
used to drain water or to rub dirt off shoes.
Floors may be built on
or use structures like prefabricated . The subfloor builds on those and attaches by various means particular to the support structure but the support and subfloor together always provides the strength of a floor one can sense underfoot. Nowadays, subfloors are generally made from at least two layers of moisture resistant ('AC' grade, one side finished and sanded flat)
or composite sheeting, jointly also termed Underlayments on floor
of 2x8, 2x10, or 2x12's () spaced generally on 16-inch (40.6 cm) centers, in the United States and Canada. Some flooring components used solely on concrete slabs consist of a dimpled rubberized or plastic layer much like bubble wrap that provide little tiny pillars for the one-half-inch (12.7 mm) sheet material above. These are manufactured in 2 ft × 2 ft (61 cm × 61 cm) squares and the edges fit together like a
joint. Like a floor on joists not on concrete, a second sheeting underlayment layer is added with staggered joints to disperse forces that would open a joint under the stress of live loads like a person walking.
Three layers are common only in high end highest quality construction. The two layers in high quality construction will both be thick 3/4 inch (19.1 mm) sheets (as will the third when present), but the two layers may achieve a combined thickness of only half-that in cheaper construction — 1/2 in (12.7 mm) panel overlaid by 1/4 in (6.4 mm) plywood subflooring. At the highest end, or in select rooms of the building there might well be three sheeting layers, and such stiff subflooring is necessary to prevent the cracking of large floor tiles of 9–10 inches (22.9–25.4 cm) or more on a side, and the structure under such a floor will frequently also have extra 'bracing' and 'blocking' joist-to-joist intended spread the weight to have as little sagging on any joist as possible when there is a live load on the floor above.
In Europe and North America only a few rare floors will be seen to have no separate floor covering on top, and those are normally because of a temporary condition pendin in semi-custom new construction and some rental markets, such floors are provided for the new home buyer (renter) to select their own preferred floor coverings usually a wall to wall carpet, or one piece vinyl floor covering. Wood clad ('') and tile covered finished floors generally will require a stiffer higher quality subfloor, especially for the later class. Since the wall base and flooring interact forming a joint, such later added semi-custom floors will generally not be hardwood for that joint construction would be in the wrong order unless the wall base trim was also delayed pending the choosing.
The subfloor may also provide
and if floor radiant heating is not used, will certainly suffer puncture openings to be put through for
for both heating and , or pipe holes for forced hot water or steam heating transport piping conveying the heat from furnace to the local room's
(radiators).
Some sub-floors are inset below the top surface level of surrounding flooring's joists and such subfloors and a normal height joist are joined to make a plywood box both molding and containing at least two inches (5 cm) of concrete (A 'Mud Floor' in builders parlance). Alternatively, only a slightly inset floor topped by a fibrous mesh and concrete building composite floor cladding is used for smaller high quality tile floors—these 'concrete' subfloors have a good thermal match with ceramic tiles and so are popular with builders constructing kitchen, laundry and especially both common and high end bathrooms and any other room where large expanses of well supported ceramic tile will be used as a finished floor. Floors using small (4.5 in or 11.4 cm and smaller) ceramic tiles generally use only an additional 1/4-inch (6.4 mm) layer of plywood (if that) and substitute adhesive and substrate materials making do with both a flexible joints and semi-flexible mounting compounds and so are designed to withstand the greater flexing which large tiles cannot tolerate without breaking.
A ground-level floor can be an earthen floor made of , or be
Ground level slab floors are uncommon in northern latitudes where freezing provides significant structural problems, except in heated interior spaces such as basements or for outdoor unheated structures such as a gazebo or shed where unitary temperatures are not creating pockets of troublesome meltwaters. Ground-level slab floors are prepared for pouring by
the site, which usually also involves removing topsoil and other organic materials well away from the slab site. Once the site has reached a suitable firm inorganic base material that is graded further so that it is flat and level, and then topped by spreading a layer-cake of force dispersing sand and gravel. Deeper channels may be dug, especially the slab ends and across the slab width at regular intervals in which a continuous run of rebar is bent and wired to sit at two heights within forming a sub-slab 'concrete girder'. Above the targeted bottom height (coplanar with the compacted sand and gravel topping) a separate grid of
or welded wire mesh is usually added to , and will be tied to the under slab 'girder' rebar at intervals. The under slab cast girders are used especially if it the slab be used structurally, i.e. to support part of the building.
Multi-floor construction,
are usually constructed with joists centered no more than 16 inches (41 centimeters) apart, according to most .[] Heavy floors, such as those made of , require more closely spaced joists. If the
between load-bearing walls is too long for joists to safely support, then a heavy crossbeam (thick or
wood, or a metal
or ) may be used. A "subfloor" of
is then laid over the joists.
In modern buildings, there are numerous services provided via ducts or wires underneath the floor or above the . The floor of one level typically also holds the ceiling of the level below (if any).
Services provided by subfloors include:
In floors supported by joists,
are run through the floor by drilling small holes through the joists to serve as conduits. Where the floor is over the basement or , utilities may instead be run under the joists, making the installation less expensive. Also, ducts for air conditioning (central heating and cooling) are large and cannot cross thr thus, ducts are typically at or near the , or come directly from underneath (or from an attic).
Pipes for plumbing, sewerage, underfloor heating, and other utilities may be laid directly in slab floors, typically via . However, later maintenance of these systems can be expensive, requiring the opening of concrete or other fixed structures. Electrically heated floors are available, and both kinds of systems can also be used in wood floors as well.
floor tiles
Wood floors, particularly older ones, will tend to 'squeak' in certain places. This is caused by the wood rubbing against other wood, usually at a
of the subfloor. Firmly securing the pieces to each other with
may reduce this problem.
is a problem with floors. Wood floors tend to pass sound, particularly heavy footsteps and low .
can reduce this problem. Concrete floors are usually so massive they do not have this problem, but they are also much more expensive to construct and must meet more stringent building requirements due to their weight.
Floors with a chemical sealer, like stained concrete or epoxy finishes, usually have a slick finish presenting a potential slip and fall hazard, however there are anti skid additives and coatings which can help mitigate this and provide increased traction. Reliable, science-backed
can help floor owners and designers determine if their floor is too slippery, or allow them to choose an appropriate flooring for the intended purpose before installation.
The flooring may need protection sometimes. A
can be used to reduce the need to satisfy incompatible requirements.
Monk sweeping the floor (1472)
Sailors scrubbing the
of the battleship
is a major
throughout the world and has been since ancient times. Cleaning is essential to prevent injuries due to slips and to remove dirt. Floors are also treated to protect or beautify the surface. The correct method to clean one type of floor can often damage another, so it is important to use the correct treatment.
Anderson, L. O. (April 2002). . The Minerva Group, Inc.  .
in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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